Craugastoridae

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Craugastoridae
Noblella pygmaea

Noblella pygmaea

Systematics
Row : Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
without rank: Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Superfamily : Brachycephaloidea
Family : Craugastoridae
Scientific name
Craugastoridae
Hedges , Duellman & Heinicke , 2008

The Craugastoridae are a neotropically widespread family of the frogs (Anura) that were established on the basis of phylogenetic studies in 2008. In 2011, the family Craugastoridae von Pyron and Wiens with the also in 2008 by Hedges et al. established family Strabomantidae united. However, many authors continue to maintain the Strabomantidae as an independent frog family with four subfamilies.

Many types of the two families were before 2008 in other taxa been filed, for example in the huge collection of the genus Antilles leptodactylidae ( Eleutherodactylus ) and the family of the Southern Frogs (Leptodactylidae). The newly compiled taxon Craugastoridae currently comprises three subfamilies. By far the largest genus is Pristimantis with more than 450 described species at the end of 2013, at the end of 2017 there were already 522 species, and in mid-August 2019 there were 546 species, including Pristimantis appendiculatus , Pristimantis imthurni , Pristimantis jamescameroni and Pristimantis xylochobates .

features

Often these are very small, 20 to 50 mm large frogs that either live on the ground or climb in the vegetation using adhesive discs. Characteristic for the biology of the family is a direct development, i.e. the lack of an aquatic tadpole stage . Instead, larval development takes place within the eggs laid on land and ready-made young frogs hatch. This type of development can also be observed in two other frog families, which are grouped together with the Craugastoridae to form the clade Terrarana , synonymous with the superfamily Brachycephaloidea.

Different characteristics of the females and the males refer in individual species to relationships across the boundaries of the subfamilies. Thus Strabomantis aramunha because of the unique skull morphology of females in the species Strabomantis asked (Strabomantinae), which is based in the northwest of South America. However, the investigation of the males and the juvenile forms suggested a relationship with the genus Haddadus, which belongs to the subfamily Craugastorinae . Eventually the species was transferred to the genus Haddadus , which lives on the slopes of the Serra do Espinhaço and in the adjacent eastern coastal regions of Brazil .

distribution

The representatives of the Craugastoridae are widespread in North, Central and South America. Their occurrence ranges from southern Arizona via Texas to Mexico and via Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana in northern South America and south via Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia to the eastern slopes of the Andes in northeast Argentina and the Brazilian Amazon basin to the Atlantic coastal rainforests of southern Brazil.

Taxonomy

Bryophryne cophites
with egg clutches

Processing status: January 6, 2018

Subfamily Craugastorinae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008

Subfamily Holoadeninae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008

Subfamily Ceuthomantinae Heinicke, Duellman, Trueb, Means, MacCulloch & Hedges, 2009

incertae sedis

  • The subfamily Strabomantinae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008, was integrated into the subfamily Craugastorinae.
  • The name of the subfamily Pristimantinae is a noun nudum and was merged with the subfamily Ceuthomantinae .
  • The genera Mucubatrachus and Paramophrynella are not recognized in some systematic reviews and are treated as synonyms of Pristimantis .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, William E. Duellman and Matthew P. Heinicke: New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation . Zootaxa 1737, pp. 1-182, 2008
  2. ^ RA Pyron & JJ Wiens: A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, pp. 543-583, 2011
  3. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 . Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed January 6, 2018
  4. ↑ Philippe JR Kok: Two new charismatic Pristimantis species (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the tepuis of “The Lost World” (Pantepui region, South America) . European Journal of Taxonomy, 60, pp. 1–24, October 2013 doi : 10.5852 / ejt.2013.60
  5. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 . Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed January 6, 2018
  6. ^ Matthew P. Heinicke, William E. Duellman and S. Blair Hedges: Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104, 24, pp. 10092-10097, 2007
  7. ↑ RC Amaro et al .: A molecular phylogeny recovers Strabomantis aramunha Cassimiro, Verdade and Rodrigues, 2008 and Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Terrarana) as sister taxa. Zootaxa, 3741, 4, 2013 doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa.3741.4.7
  8. ^ I. De La Riva, JC Chaparro, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, JM Padial: Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holodeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, pp. 1-44, 2017
  9. ^ Matthew P. Heinicke, César L. Barrio-Amorós & S. Blair Hedges: Molecular and morphological data support recognition of a new genus of New World direct-developing frog (Anura: Terrarana) from an under-sampled region of South America . Zootaxa, 3986, 2, pp. 151–172, July 2015 doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa.3986.2.1

literature

  • S. Blair Hedges, William E. Duellman, Matthew P. Heinicke: New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation . Zootaxa 1737, pp. 1-182, 2008

Web links

Commons : Craugastoridae  - collection of images, videos and audio files