Noblella

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Noblella
Noblella peruviana is the type species of the genus Noblella

Noblella peruviana is the type species of the genus Noblella

Systematics
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Superfamily : Brachycephaloidea
Family : Craugastoridae
Subfamily : Holoadeninae
Genre : Noblella
Scientific name
Noblella
Barbour , 1930
Noblella pygmaea is one of the smallest vertebrate species in the world
Noblella thiuni
Type localities of Noblella species in Peru and Ecuador

Noblella is a genus of frogs from the Craugastoridae family . The representatives of the genus are distributed in South America mainly in the forests of the Andean region and in the western Amazon basin .

features

Noblella species are exceptionally small. They belong to the "tiny southern frogs from the Andes" ( minute leptodactylid frogs from the Andes ), as they were called together with a number of other genera in the absence of other common characteristics from the second half of the 20th century. In Noblella pygmaea , the males are a maximum of 11.1 millimeters long, the females have a head-trunk length of a maximum of 12.4 millimeters. This makes Noblella pygmaea the smallest species among the frogs in the Andes. For Noblella peruviana a length of 16 millimeters was specified. The frogs of the genus Noblella are a maximum of 22 millimeters long.

The head is usually narrower or at most as wide as the trunk. The muzzle is blunt. The canthus rostralis is sharply defined and concave. A tympanum is present, although not always clearly visible. There are teeth on the upper jaw. The skin is mostly smooth, sometimes grainy on the back. The color of the back shows various brown to reddish tones, on the underside the species are often pale to cream-colored.

The end links of the fingers and toes are slightly widened in a T-shape. The first finger is shorter than the second, the third toe shorter than the fifth. The ends of at least the third and fourth toes are pointed.

distribution

The species of the genus Noblella are common on the slopes of the Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia and in the adjacent western Amazon lowlands. Only the distribution area of Noblella myrmecoides extends over several states with shares in the Amazon lowlands , namely Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil , Colombia and Peru . All other species of the genus Noblella live in the moist forests of the mountain range or on the grasslands up to 3450 meters above sea level. N. lochites and N. heyeri are found in both Peru and Ecuador, while the nine remaining species are each endemic to a single country : N. coloma and N. personina occur only in Ecuador, whereas N. duellmani , N . lynchi , N. madreselva , N. peruviana and N. pygmaea native to Peru. N. carrascoicola and N. ritarasquinae are only found in Bolivia.

Type locality

At the end of the 19th century, while collecting various small mammals west of Lake Titicaca in Peru , HH Keays discovered a very small species of frog, which Gladwyn Kingsley Noble described as Sminthillus peruvianus in 1921 . In 1930 Thomas Barbour established the genus Noblella for this species and Sminthillus peruvianus became the type species of the genus. Juliaca , a town at 3824 meters above sea level , was given as the location of the type specimen that had been sent to the American Museum of Natural History . Juliaca lies on the Altiplano of a dry plateau of the Andes. It later emerged that many of the animals that HH Keays had collected in Peru for the museum must have come from the area around Santo Domingo in the Carabaya province in the Puno region . At an altitude of around 1700 meters there are moist cloud forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes. The imprecise indication of the type locality leads to difficulties in the ecological and biogeographical allocation of the genus to this day.

Systematics and nomenclature

The history of the classification of the genus Noblella in the systematics of the frogs is closely connected with the research of the phylogenetic relationships of the southern frogs (Leptodactylidae in the broader sense). This former collective taxon comprised an increasing number of species mainly from South and Central America.

First description of the genus

Barbour and Noble established the genus Sminthillus in 1920 for the frog Sminthillus limbatus from Cuba . When Noble also placed Sminthillus peruvianus in this genus in his first description in 1921 , he only did so provisionally because of the great geographical distance between the two species. Barbour later transferred the Peruvian species to the new genus Noblella . For John D. Lynch , the division of the two Sminthillus species into different genera was insufficiently justified. Like the species of the genus Eleutherodactylus , Noblella peruviana had small teeth on the upper jaw; on the other hand, the partial fusion of the two epicoracoids in the shoulder girdle spoke against a classification in the genus Eleutherodactylus . For Lynch, however, this difference did not justify the establishment of a separate genre. In the absence of further distinguishing features , Lynch synonymized the genus Noblella with Eleutherodactylus .

Re-establishment of the genus

In the years that followed, Lynch continued to deal with the increasing number of discoveries of tiny species of southern frogs in the Andes. Finally, in 1975 he put together the type species of the genera Noblella , ( Noblella peruviana Noble, 1921), Niceforonia ( Niceforonia nana Goin & Cochran, 1963) and Phrynopus ( Phrynopus peruanus Peters, 1874) as well as some of their relatives in the genus Phrynopus . This compilation included 14 species.

In 1976 Lynch described two small frog species in the genus Euparkerella , which had originally been established by Griffiths in 1956 for a third Sminthillus species, Sminthillus brasiliensis . These two species, Euparkerella lochites and Euparkerella myrmecoides , were transferred by Heyer to their own genus Phyllonastes the following year . As early as 1998, Ignacio De la Riva and Jörn Köhler suspected that Phrynopus peruviana might be more closely related to the species of the genus Phyllonastes than to those of the genus Phrynopus . In 2008 Ignacio de la Riva, Juan C. Chaparro and José M. Padial presented the former type specimen of Noblella in Heyer's genus Phyllonastes . Phyllonastes got a new type species and the generic name Noblella was re-established for the entire group.

species

The genus includes 16 species:

As of August 23, 2020

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ John D. Lynch: New species of minute leptodactylid frogs from the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. Journal of Herpetology, 20, pp. 423-431, 1986
  2. ↑ Edgar Lehr and Alessandro Catenazzi: A new species of minute Noblella (Anura: Strabomantidae) from southern Peru: the smallest frog of the Andes. Copeia, pp. 148–156, 2009 doi : 10.1643 / CH-07-270 (abstracts, English and Spanish)
  3. ^ A b c Ignacio De la Riva, Juan C. Chaparro & José M. Padial: The taxonomic status of Phyllonastes Heyer and Phrynopus peruvianus (Noble) (Lissamphibia, Anura): resurrection of Noblella Barbour. Zootaxa, 1685, pp. 67-68, 2008
  4. ^ A b John D. Lynch: A review of the Andean leptodactylid frog genus Phrynopus. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 35, pp. 1-51, 1975
  5. ^ Gladwyn Kingsley Noble: Five new species of Salientia from South America . In: American Museum novitates . No. 29 , December 30, 1921, pp. 1–7 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 5.9 MB ]).
  6. ↑ Thomas Barbour : A list of Antillean reptiles and amphibians. Zoologica, 11, pp. 61-116, New York 1930
  7. ↑ John D. Lynch: Evolutionary relationships, osteology, and zoogeography of leptodactyloid frogs. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications, 53, pp. 1-238, 1971
  8. ^ I. Griffiths: The phylogeny of Sminthillus limbatus and the status of the Brachycephalidae (Amphibia Salientia). Journal of Zoology, 132, 3, pp. 457-487, May 1959 doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-7998.1959.tb05531.x
  9. ↑ John D. Lynch: Two new species of frogs of the genus Euparkerella (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from Ecuador and Peru. Herpetologica, 32, pp. 48-53, 1976
  10. ^ WR Heyer: Taxonomic notes on frogs from the Madeira and Purus rivers, Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 8, pp. 141-162, 1977
  11. ↑ Ignacio De la Riva and Jörn Köhler: A New Minute Leptodactylid Frog, Genus Phyllonastes, from Humid Montane Forests of Bolivia. Journal of Herpetology, 32, 3, pp. 325-329, September 1998 doi : 10.2307 / 1565445
  12. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Noblella Barbour, 1930 , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2019, accessed August 26, 2019
  13. ^ RR Santa Cruz, A. von May, A. Catenazzi, C. Whitcher, E. López Tejeda & DL Rabosky. 2019. A new species of terrestrial-breeding frog (Amphibia, Strabomantidae, Noblella) from the Upper Madre De Dios watershed, Amazonian Andes and lowlands of southern Peru. Diversity, 11, 145, pp. 1–20, 2019
  14. ↑ Alessandro Catenazzi, Vanessa Uscapi, Rudolf von May: A new species of Noblella (Amphibia, Anura, Craugastoridae) from the humid montane forests of Cusco, Peru. ZooKeys 516, pp. 71-84, August 2015 doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.516.9776
  15. ↑ JP Reyes-Puig, C. Reyes-Puig, SR Ron, JA Ortega, JM Guayasamin, M. Goodrum, F. Recalde, J. Vieira, C. Koch & MH Yánez-Muñoz: A new species of terrestrial frog of the genus Noblella Barbour, 1930 (Amphibia: Strabomantidae) from the Llanganates-Sangay Ecological Corridor, Tungurahua, Ecuador. PeerJ, 7 (e7405) pp. 1–26, 2019 doi : 10.7717 / peerj.7405 .
  16. ↑ A. Catenazzi A. Ttito: Noblella thiuni sp. n., a new (singleton) species of minute terrestrial-breeding frog (Amphibia, Anura, Strabomantidae) from the montane forest of the Amazonian Andes of Puno, Peru. PeerJ 7: e6780, 2019 doi : 10.7717 / peerj.6780
  17. ↑ Carolina Reyes-Puig, Ross J. Maynard, Scott J. Trageser, José Vieira, Paul S. Hamilton, Ryan Lynch, Jaime Culebras, Sebastián Kohn, Jorge Brito and Juan M. Guayasamin A new species of Noblella (Amphibia: Strabomantidae) from the Río Manduriacu Reserve on the Pacific slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes Neotropical Biodiversity, Vol. 6 (1), 2020, pp. 162-171. doi : 10.1080 / 23766808.2020.1809287

literature

  • Thomas Barbour : A list of Antillean reptiles and amphibians. Zoologica, 11, pp. 61–116, New York 1930 (first description)
  • Ignacio de la Riva, Juan C. Chaparro & José M. Padial: The taxonomic status of Phyllonastes Heyer and Phrynopus peruvianus (Noble) (Lissamphibia, Anura): resurrection of Noblella Barbour. Zootaxa, 1685, pp. 67–68, 2008 (re-establishment of the genus)
  • Edgar Lehr, Anke Müller & Guido Fritzsch: Analysis of Andes frogs (Phrynopus, Leptodactylidae, Anura) phylogeny based on 12S and 16S mitochondrial rDNA sequences. Zoologica Scripta, 34, 6, pp. 593-603, November 2005 doi : 10.1111 / j.1463-6409.2005.00212.x

Web links

Commons : Noblella  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Darrel R. Frost: Noblella Barbour, 1930 , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2019, accessed August 27, 2019