Phrynopus

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Phrynopus
Phrynopus juninensis

Phrynopus juninensis

Systematics
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Superfamily : Brachycephaloidea
Family : Craugastoridae
Subfamily : Holoadeninae
Genre : Phrynopus
Scientific name
Phrynopus
Peters , 1873
Clutch of Phrynopus tribulosus
Phrynopus kauneorum

Phrynopus is a genus of frogs from the Craugastoridae family . The little frogs are endemic to the Andes of Peru .

features

The largest species of the genus is Phrynopus inti , in which the females can grow to be slightly larger than 4 centimeters. The build is robust, the limbs are relatively weak and short. The fingers and toes are very thin, the tips are only slightly broadened.

With the exception of three species, no tympanum is formed in any of the frogs of this genus . Not only is the eardrum missing, but structures of the inner ear are also reduced to various degrees. In the frogs of this genus, deafness is the reason that the ability of the males to attract females with mating calls has also been completely lost. How the development of the species works without these acoustic selection mechanisms has not yet been researched. In some other frog families, even if the tympanum is missing, the ability to utter voices has been retained, for example in the Bombinatoridae , Brachycephalidae , Bufonidae and Sooglossidae . The low-frequency tones in particular can then be perceived via other anatomical structures and passed on to the inner ear.

Their external features seem to be adaptations to life in moss and on grass, which are also found in other genera of the Craugastoridae family. Some species of the genus Pristimantis , for example Pristimantis attenboroughi and Pristimantis puipui , which occupy the same ecological niches , have the same body characteristics and can only be reliably differentiated from Phrynopus species by molecular biological studies . These are convergent adjustments .

distribution and habitat

The representatives of the genus are distributed exclusively in the Peruvian Andean region in the north and in the center of the country. They live at altitudes between 2600 and 4500 meters, in the high-lying cloud forests and the grassy landscape ( puna ) at heights from 4000 meters above sea level.

species

Until 2008 the taxon was listed in a different species composition within the paraphyletic family of the southern frogs (Leptodactylidae i. W. S.). Former Phrynopus species can now be found in numerous other genera of the Craugastoridae, some even in other families ( Microhylidae , Leiuperinae ).

The genus includes 34 species:

As of February 9, 2019

Phrynopus ayacucho was placed in the genus Oreobates .

Phrynopus nicoleae Chaparro, Padial & De la Riva, 2008, and Phrynopus curator Lehr, Moravec & Cusi, 2012, are junior synonyms of Phrynopus tribulosus .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Edgar Lehr, Rudolf von May, Jiří Moravec & Juan Carlos Cusi: A new species of Phrynopus (Amphibia, Anura, Crausgastoridae) from upper montane forests and high Andean grasslands of the Pui Pui Protected Forest in central Peru. ZooKeys, 713, pp. 131-157, 2017
  2. ↑ a b c R. May, E. Lehr, DL Rabosky: Evolutionary radiation of earless frogs in the Andes: molecular phylogenetics and habitat shifts in high-elevation terrestrial breeding frogs. PeerJ 6: e4313, 2018 doi : 10.7717 / peerj.4313
  3. ↑ a b c d e LO Rodriquez & A. Catenazzi: Four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Rio Abiseo National Park, Peru. Zootaxa 4273, pp. 381-406, 2017
  4. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Phrynopus , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed December 25, 2017
  5. ↑ Edgar Lehr, J. Moravec & JC Cusi: Two new species of Phrynopus (Anura, Strabomantidae) from high elevations in the Yanachaga-Chemillén National park in Peru (Departamento de Pasco). ZooKeys, 235, pp. 51-71, 2012 doi: 10.3897 / zookeys.235.3885
  6. ↑ a b G. Chavez, R. Santa Cruz, D. Rodríguez & Edgar Lehr. 2015. Two new species of frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from the Peruvian Andes. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 9, (1, e105), 15–25, 2015
  7. ^ A b Edgar Lehr & A. Oróz: Two new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Cordillera de Carpish in central Peru (Departamento de Huánuco). Zootaxa, 3512, pp. 53-63, 2012
  8. ^ A b Edgar Lehr & D. Rodríguez: Two new species of Andes Frogs (Craugastoridae: Phrynopus) from the Cordillera de Carpish in central Peru. Salamandra, 53, pp. 327-338, 2017
  9. Jump up ↑ PJ Venegas, AC Barboza, I. De la Riva & JM Padial: A new species of Phrynopus from the northeastern Andes of Peru, its phylogenetic position, and notes on the relationships of Holoadeninae (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zootaxa 4446, pp. 501-524, 2018
  10. ↑ JM Padial, JC Chaparro, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, JM Guayasamin, Edgar Lehr, AJ Delgado, M. Vaira, M. Teixeira, Jr., CR Aguayo-Vedia & I. De la Riva: A revision of species diversity in the Neotropical genus Oreobates (Anura: Strabomantidae), with the description of three new species from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes. American Museum Novitates, 3752, pp. 1-55, 2012

literature

  • Edgar Lehr, Anke Müller & Guido Fritzsch: Analysis of Andes frogs (Phrynopus, Leptodactylidae, Anura) phylogeny based on 12S and 16S mitochondrial rDNA sequences. In: Zoologica Scripta. Volume 34, 6, pp. 593-603, November 2005 doi: 10.1111 / j.1463-6409.2005.00212.x

Web links

Commons : Phrynopus  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Darrel R. Frost: Phrynopus , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed December 25, 2017