Pristimantis xylochobates

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Pristimantis xylochobates
Systematics
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Superfamily : Brachycephaloidea
Family : Craugastoridae
Subfamily : Ceuthomantinae
Genre : Pristimantis
Type : Pristimantis xylochobates
Scientific name
Pristimantis xylochobates
( Lynch & Ruíz-Carranza , 1996)

Pristimantis xylochobates ( synonym : Eleutherodactylus xylochobates ) is a frog through the genus Pristimantis, which includes more than 470 species. It is endemic to the Andes of Colombia .

features

Pristimantis xylochobates is most similar to Pristimantis appendiculatus , which is native to southern Colombia and Ecuador . Like this relative, Pristimantis xylochobates has a relatively long, pointed snout. The females grow to a maximum of 5 centimeters in length, the males remain slightly smaller. The color is light brown with black spots. The hind legs are very narrow and long. There are no webs on the long toes and fingers, but there are enlarged adhesive discs.

distribution

So far, Pristimantis xylochobates has only been found on the Serranía de los Paraguas in the north of the western Cordillera ( Cordillera occidental ) of the Colombian Andes. The sites are in the border area between the two provinces of Chocó and Valle del Cauca . The species lives there at an altitude of 2100 to 2250 meters above sea level . Their natural habitat is the still undisturbed cloud forests in this area. The occurrence is threatened by the planning of a road along the Serranía de los Paraguas and was therefore placed on the Red List of Threatened Species by the IUCN organization and classified as "endangered" (vulnerable) . The population is currently stable.

Way of life

The frogs of the species Pristimantis xylochobates can be found on the lower vegetation within the forests. You can hold onto the leaves with the adhesive discs on your toes and fingers. No tadpole stage in a body of water is necessary for the development of the young frogs . They develop in the eggs right in the womb and are born alive . As a result, the number of young per brood is very limited. Cuts in the population development, for example due to the disturbance of their habitat, can only be compensated very slowly by this species. Such disturbances can also arise from a longer dry period, as was observed in July 1997 in the Serranía de los Paraguas. Diseases caused by bacteria or fungi also endanger the biodiversity of frogs in western Colombia, which is considered to be unique in the world.

Systematics and taxonomy

Pristimantis xylochobates was described in 1996 by John Douglas Lynch and Pedro Miguel Ruíz-Carranza as Eleutherodactylus xylochobates . In 2007 Eleutherodactylus xylochobates was placed in the genus Pristimantis by S. Blair Hedges, William E. Duellman and Matthew P. Heinicke . This genus includes the South American species of the former large group Eleutherodactylus . In the still very species-rich genus Pristimantis , Pristimantis xylochobates belongs to the subgenus Pristimantis (Pristimantis) . The large family of southern frogs , to which the genus belonged according to the opinion at the time, was divided into several families and in 2008 all Pristimantis species were assigned to the family of Strabomantidae. In 2011 the Strabomantidae were merged with the Craugastoridae family and a separate subfamily Pristimantinae was established. However, this was dissolved in 2014 and Pristimantis was integrated into the subfamily Ceuthomantinae .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Pristimantis , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2014, accessed June 29, 2014
  2. ^ A b John D. Lynch & Pedro M. Ruiz-Carranza: New sister-species of Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Occidental of southwestem Colombia (Amphbia: Salientia: Leptodactylidae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 20, 77, pp. 347-363, 1996, pp. 349-351
  3. ↑ a b c Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch (2004): Pristimantis xylochobates . In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Red list of threatened species. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  4. ^ A b S. Blair Hedges, William E. Duellman, Matthew P. Heinicke: New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737, pp. 1-182, 2008 ISBN 978-1-86977-197-3
  5. ^ A b John D. Lynch & Taran Grant: Dying Frogs in Western Colombia: Catastrophe or Trivial Observation? (Ranas muertas o moribundas en el occidente de Colombia: ¿catástrophe u observatión trivial?) Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 22, 82, pp. 149-152, 1998
  6. ^ Matthew P. Heinicke, William E. Duellman and S. Blair Hedges: Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104, 24, pp. 10092-10097, 2007
  7. ^ RA Pyron & JJ Wiens: A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 2, pp. 543-583, November 2011
  8. ↑ JM Padial, Taran Grant & Darrel R. Frost: Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria . Zootaxa, 3825, pp. 1-132, June 2014

literature

  • John D. Lynch & Pedro M. Ruiz-Carranza: New sister-species of Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Occidental of southwestem Colombia (Amphbia: Salientia: Leptodactylidae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 20, 77, pp. 347-363, 1996 (first description)
  • S. Blair Hedges, William E. Duellman, Matthew P. Heinicke: New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737, 2008, pages 1-182, 2008 ISBN 978-1-86977-197-3

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