Pristimantis appendiculatus

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pristimantis appendiculatus
Systematics
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Superfamily : Brachycephaloidea
Family : Craugastoridae
Subfamily : Ceuthomantinae
Genre : Pristimantis
Type : Pristimantis appendiculatus
Scientific name
Pristimantis appendiculatus
( Werner , 1894)

Pristimantis appendiculatus ( synonym : Eleutherodactylus appendiculatus ) is a frog through the genus Pristimantis, which includes more than 470 species. It is common in the extreme south of Colombia and Ecuador .

features

Particularly noticeable in Pristimantis appendiculatus is its relatively long, pointed snout with a fleshy, cone-shaped extension that stands out especially when viewed from the side. The females are 3 to a maximum of 3.5 centimeters long, the males have a head-trunk length of around 2 centimeters. The color is light brown with black spots. The hind legs are very narrow and long. There are no webbed feet on the long toes and fingers, but rather enlarged adhesive discs. Pristimantis xylochobates from Colombia is most similar to Pristimantis appendiculatus .

distribution

Pristimantis appendiculatus occurs only on the western slopes of the Andes in southern Colombia and Ecuador. In Ecuador, these extend over the provinces of Cotopaxi , Imbabura , Pichincha and Santo Domingo . In neighboring Colombia, the species is only described from the Departamento de Nariño , but it is assumed that there is also a connection between these areas of distribution.

From the first description in 1894 until the 1970s, it was assumed that Pristimantis appendiculatus came from the rainforests of the lowlands of Ecuador. During various expeditions, however, it turned out that it is native to the cloud and cloud forests of the Andes at altitudes between 1460 and 2800 meters. In the Bosque Protector Mindo-Nambillo , a forest reserve in Ecuador, the frog is found in many places, as well as in the surrounding cloud forest within the Pichincha province. Another sanctuary that overlaps with the frog's range is the Reserva Ecológica Losheinizas .

Way of life

The frogs of the species Pristimantis appendiculatus can be found on the lower vegetation within the forests. You can hold onto the leaves with the adhesive discs on your toes and fingers. They are mainly nocturnal. No tadpole stage in a body of water is necessary for the development of the young frogs . They develop directly in the eggs. The neotropical frogs with direct development are counted to the group of Terrarana .

Systematics and taxonomy

Pristimantis appendiculatus was described by Franz Werner in 1894 as Hylodes appendiculatus . The holotype is in the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Later Hylodes appendiculatus was placed in the genus Antilles whistling frogs ( Eleutherodactylus ). In 2007 most of the South American Eleutherodactylus species, with the exception of some species from southeast Brazil, were placed in the re-established genus Pristimantis by S. Blair Hedges, William E. Duellman and Matthew P. Heinicke . The large family of southern frogs , to which the genus belonged according to the opinion at the time, was divided into several families and in 2008 all Pristimantis species were assigned to the family of Strabomantidae. In 2011, however, the Strabomantidae family was merged with the Craugastoridae family and the Pristimantinae subfamily was established within the new family. In 2014 the subfamily Pristimantinae was dissolved and integrated into the subfamily Ceuthomantinae .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Pristimantis , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2014, accessed June 29, 2014
  2. ↑ John D. Lynch & Pedro M. Ruiz-Carranza: New sister-species of Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Occidental of southwestem Colombia (Amphbia: Salientia: Leptodactylidae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 20, 77, pp. 347-363, 1996, pp. 349-351
  3. ↑ Ken Miyata: Notes on the Occurrence of Eleutherodactylus appendiculatus in Ecuador. Journal of Herpetology, 14, 1, pp. 85-87, 1980
  4. ↑ a b Fernando Castro, Santiago Ron, Luis A. Coloma, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Mario Yánez-Muñoz, Wilmar Bolívar 2004: Pristimantis appendiculatus . In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Red list of threatened species. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  5. ^ A b S. Blair Hedges, William E. Duellman, Matthew P. Heinicke: New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737, pp. 1-182, 2008 ISBN 978-1-86977-197-3
  6. ^ Matthew P. Heinicke, William E. Duellman and S. Blair Hedges: Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104, 24, pp. 10092-10097, 2007
  7. ^ RA Pyron & JJ Wiens: A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 2, pp. 543-83, November 2011
  8. ↑ JM Padial, Taran Grant & Darrel R. Frost: Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria . Zootaxa, 3825, pp. 1-132, June 2014

literature

  • Franz Werner: Herpetological Nova . Zoologischer Anzeiger, 17, p. 410, Vienna 1894 (first description)
  • John D. Lynch: Redescriptions of three little-known Eleutherodactylus from northwestern Ecuador (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 1903, 73, 2, pp. 169-180, 1970
  • S. Blair Hedges, William E. Duellman, Matthew P. Heinicke: New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737, 2008, pages 1-182, 2008 ISBN 978-1-86977-197-3

Web links

  • Pristimantis appendicularis at Amphibiaweb (English)
  • Fernando Castro, Santiago Ron, Luis A. Coloma, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Mario Yánez-Muñoz, Wilmar Bolívar 2004. Pristimantis appendiculatus . In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Red list of threatened species. Retrieved January 30, 2012.