Tire wear

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Flat tire of an off-road vehicle after excessive tire wear on gravel roads in the Namib Desert

As tires wear , the wear of the surface material is a tire designated. Tire wear, which can be recognized as a decreasing tire tread depth with normal suspension settings, is caused by abrasion of the rubber particles through the road surface.

Influencing variables

The lowest tire wear can be seen when the wheel is rolling straight ahead. Uneven wear is caused by incorrect suspension settings - camber and toe-in too great. Since the tire wear increases when the tire pressure is lower and the tire can burst at low air pressure and at high speed, the European Union will prescribe a tire pressure monitoring system for all newly registered vehicles of class M1 from November 1, 2014 .

Measurement

Use the treadwear rating ( Tread Wear Indicator - TWI) and tread diameters , the usable tread depth can be estimated. There are also tires that show the degree of wear by changing the color of the tire layers. Various tire manufacturers use the numerical tire wear indicator. These are numerical values ​​that directly indicate the tread depth. With increasing tire wear, the numerical values ​​decrease.

Environmental impact

At 111,420 tons per year in Germany (2010), tire wear is one of the largest sources of dust emissions from road traffic. This applies above all to sedimentable dust , but also to fine dust . About half of the emissions from traffic are not attributable to exhaust gases, but to corresponding abrasion or whirling-up processes. The abrasion from tires, clutches and brakes contains cadmium , lead , zinc , copper , plasticizers and stabilizers . Tire abrasion is the main source of microplastics in rivers and lakes and makes up 28 percent of plastic particles in the oceans. According to their own studies, tire manufacturers assume that tire wear particles have no significant toxic effects on the environment. In May 2018, researchers at the Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences began to analyze the filterable substances (AFS) in a two-year project entitled “Recording and further characterization of the AFS-fine fraction in the inflow and outflow of decentralized systems for treating rainwater from traffic areas” .

According to a study by the Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt , 1.29 ± 0.45 kilos of rubber per capita were created in Switzerland from tire wear and rubber granules from artificial turf ; Tire wear accounted for 97 percent of this. Around 26 percent of this was removed by street cleaning and wastewater treatment. Of the rest, 74 percent ended up in soils within 5 meters of the roads, 22 percent flowed into surface waters and the remaining 4 percent into soils further away. In Switzerland, a total of around 8100 tons of microplastics from tire wear enter the environment every year.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b continental-reifen.de Wear / Abrasion (accessed on June 13, 2014)
  2. ↑ Bernd Heissing, Metin Ersoy, Stefan Gies: chassis manual. Springer Verlag, 4th edition 2013, ISBN 978-36580-1991-4 , p. 25
  3. ^ Günter Leister: Vehicle tires and chassis development. Vieweg and Teubner Verlag 2009, ISBN 978-38348-0671-0 , p. 69
  4. ↑ Michael Trzesniowski: racing car technology. Vieweg and Teubner Verlag, 3rd edition 2012, ISBN 978-38348-1779-2 , p. 276
  5. ↑ Hermann Winner, Stephan Hakuli, Gabriele Wolf: manual driver assistance systems. Vieweg and Teubner Verlag 2009, ISBN 978-38348-0287-3 , p. 393
  6. ↑ Art. 9 of Regulation (EC) No. 661/2009
  7. ↑ Federal Highway Research Institute: Substance input into the side of the street - tire abrasion. BASt report V 188, 2010
  8. ↑ Nina Chmielewski: Tire Abrasion: Underestimated Environmental Problem. Hessischer Rundfunk , October 26, 2016, accessed on March 5, 2017
  9. ↑ DPA : Plastic particles from clothing and tires litter the seas. ( Memento of the original from September 22, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zeit.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Die Zeit , February 22, 2017, accessed on February 4, 2017
  10. ^ J. Bertling, R. Bertling, L. Hamann: Plastics in the environment: micro and macroplastics. Fraunhofer UMSICHT , June 2018, accessed on September 22, 2018 .
  11. ↑ L. Van Cauwenberghe et al .: Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments . In: Environmental Pollution . tape 182 , November 2013, p. 495-499 , doi : 10.1016 / j.envpol.2013.08.013 .
  12. ^ Against street dirt in rainwater In: hs-owl.de, September 21, 2018, accessed on September 22, 2018.
  13. ↑ Cornelia Zogg: Micro-rubber. In: empa.ch. November 14, 2019, accessed November 14, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Ramona Sieber, Delphine Kawecki, Bernd Nowack: Dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis of rubber release from tires into the environment. In: Environmental Pollution. 2019, p. 113573, doi : 10.1016 / j.envpol.2019.113573 .
  15. ↑ Federal Office for the Environment: Plastics in the Environment: Tire Abrasion. (PDF; 118 kB) In: admin.ch. Retrieved May 16, 2020 .