Rhombus ground owl

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Rhombus ground owl
Xestia stigmatica.jpg

Rhombus ground owl ( Xestia stigmatica )

Systematics
Subfamily : Noctuinae
Tribe : Noctuini
Sub tribus : Noctuina
Genre : Xestia
Subgenus : Xestia
Type : Rhombus ground owl
Scientific name
Xestia stigmatica
( Huebner , 1813)

The xestia stigmatica ( Xestia stigmatica , Syn. : Xestia rhomboidea ), also Rauteneule , Violet Diarsia Brunnea , Violet Brown, Schwarzfleckige Erdeule or grove herb-floor Bodeneule called, is a butterfly ( moth ) from the family of cutworms (Noctuidae).

features

The moths reach a wingspan of 38 to 41 millimeters. The forewings have a comparatively broad shape and are dark brown, gray-brown or purple-brown in color. There are large, darkened, black spots between the ring and kidney defects and the inner transverse line. Cross and wavy lines are usually clearly defined. At the strongly jagged wavy line begins an inwardly directed dark band typical of the species. The hind wings are unmarked dark gray.

The egg has a hemispherical shape with a strongly flattened base; it measures 0.6 to 0.7 mm in height and 0.9 to 1.0 mm in diameter. It is colored yellow-white and shows a carmine-red central point with an equally tinted band. According to Dolinskaya and Geryak, however, the egg is light pink in color. In the course of development it becomes greyish pink and shortly before hatching it becomes dark brown-gray. The upper two thirds of the surface is covered with 29 to 33 very distinct longitudinal ribs, 11 to 12 of which reach the micropyl region. They cross with weaker transverse ribs, but which are closer together.

Adult caterpillars vary greatly in color and can result in almost monochrome yellow-brown as well as brown-gray specimens with clear white side lines. The intensity of the wedge-shaped minor dorsal spots also fluctuates considerably.

The red-brown doll is identified by four thorns on the cremaster .

Similar species

There is a certain similarity to Xestia sareptana , which can, however, be recognized by a black smear in the root field of the forewings . Stigmatica differs from other Xestia and Diarsia species by the dark band next to the wavy line and the lack of yellowish or reddish drawing elements.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The species is widespread in Europe. However, it is absent in Ireland and on the Iberian Peninsula with the exception of the Pyrenees and on almost all Mediterranean islands with the exception of Sicily. The northern limit of distribution runs through the southern part of Scandinavia to the Baltic States, to Belarus, the Ukraine to southern Russia. It has not yet been proven in Finland or in most of Russia. The further distribution area extends through southern Russia to Kazakhstan , in the south to the Caucasus region , northern Turkey and the Elburs Mountains in northern Iran. The site in Karachay-Cherkessia in southern Russia is at an altitude of 1200 m.

The rhombus ground owl prefers to inhabit light deciduous forests, shrub and shrubbery zones and park landscapes. It is less common in wetlands.

Way of life

The nocturnal moths mainly fly from July to early September in one generation per year. You will visit artificial light sources and bait , and occasionally the flowers of oregano ( Origanum vulgare ), ragweeds ( Senecio ) or butterfly lilac ( Buddleja davidii ). The caterpillars can be found from September. They feed on various plants, including:

The caterpillars overwinter and pupate in May of the following year.

Danger

The rhombus ground owl occurs in different numbers in Germany, is regionally rare, but is listed as not endangered on the red list of endangered species .

nomenclature

Until a few years ago the species was called Xestia rhomboidea (Esper, 1790). When Hacker (1998) examined the two syntypes of Phalaena Noctua rhomboidea Esper, 1790 in the Zoologischer Staatssammlung München (ZSM No. 858 and 859), it turned out that these pieces are identical to Xestia triangulum (Hufnagel, 1766). The specimen with the number ZSM 859, a male, was designated as a lectotype by Hacker . The specimens that have been described by later authors as Xestia rhomboidea , however, are not identical with the two syntypes or the newly determined lectotype. Since the name rhomboidea is attached to the two syntypes or the lectotype, it cannot be transferred to the misidentified specimens. For these misidentified specimens (= rhomboidea of the later authors), however, the name Xestia stigmaticata Huebner, 1813 can be used. The type of this species agrees with the misidentified specimens of Xestia rhomboidea of the later authors. The correct current name of this species is therefore Xestia stigmatica (Hübner, 1813).

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Red Lists at Science4you
  2. ↑ Bergmann (1954: pp. 170–172)
  3. ↑ Fibiger (1993: p. 167/8)
  4. ↑ a b c Forster & Wohlfahrt (1971: p. 56)
  5. ↑ Dolinskaya & Geryak (2010: p. 26)
  6. ↑ AV Sviridov, TA Trofimova, MV Uskov, AV Mukhanov, LE Lobkova, VI Shchurov, EV Shutova, IV Kuznetsov, Yu. A. Lovtsova, PN Korzhov, VS Okulov, MA Klepikov: Noctuid Moths (Lepidoptera) new for different areas of the Russia. 2. Eversmannia, 7/8: 46-68, 2006 PDF
  7. ↑ a b Axel Steiner in Steiner & Ebert (1998: pp. 458–460)
  8. ↑ Hermann Hacker: The types of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) described by EJ Ch. Esper (1742-1810) in his "The butterflies in pictures according to nature". Esperiana, Entomology Book Series, Vol. 6: 433-468, Schwanfeld, 1998 ISBN 3-9802644-5-9

literature

  • Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 4/1: Owls. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1954, DNB 450378373 .
  • IV Dolinskaya, Yu. A. Geryak: The Chorionic Sculpture of the Eggs of Some Noctuinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Ukraine. Vestnik zoologii, 44 (5): 421-432, 2010 doi : 10.2478 / v10058-010-0028-4
  • Michael Fibiger: Noctuidae Europaeae, Volume 2 Noctuinae II. Entomological Press, Sorø 1993, ISBN 87-89430-02-6
  • Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 4: Owls. (Noctuidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1971, ISBN 3-440-03752-5 .
  • Axel Steiner and Günter Ebert: The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 7, Nachtfalter V (Owls (Noctuidae) 3rd part), Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3500-0

annotation

  1. ↑ Observation on material from the Ukraine

Web links

Commons : Xestia stigmatica  - collection of images, videos and audio files