Primroses

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Primroses
Primula vulgaris hybrid

Primula vulgaris hybrid

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Primrose Family (Primulaceae)
Subfamily : Primuloideae
Genre : Primroses
Scientific name
Primula
L.

The primroses ( Primula ) are a genus of plants from the primrose family (Primulaceae). About 500 species belong to this genus. The common German name cowslips for individual species comes from the similarity of the inflorescence of a few species with a key ring.

description

Illustration of Primula bellidifolia

Appearance and Roots

Primula species grow as mostly deciduous perennial, rarely annual, herbaceous plants . Often rhizomes are formed as persistence organs . The roots are fibrous. Only Primula suffrutescens is evergreen, lignifies somewhat and forms mats. Few species form stolons ( Primula nutans ). Some species are more or less succulent . The above-ground parts of the plant can be hairy or hairless, and they are often floury.

leaves

The leaves arranged in basal rosettes can have an indistinct, sometimes winged petiole. The simple leaf blade is linear, broadly lanceolate, obovate-lanceolate, oblong-obovate, rhombic, elliptical, wedge-shaped or spatulate with beveled or rounded and abruptly narrowing base and toothed, pointed, blunt, rounded or spatulate-shaped blade tip. The leaf margins are completely to toothed. The leaf surfaces are mostly bare or rarely have simple hairs (for example in Primula veris ).

Inflorescences and flowers

Leafless, more or less long upright to ascending inflorescence stems are formed. The flowers are rarely single, usually 2 to more than 25 in simple or compound, often doldy , sometimes racemose or paniculate inflorescences . There are one to five bracts available. The flower stalks can be erect, protruding, curved, arched, slightly hunched back or nodding.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . There are four species in the Dodecatheon section . The usually five green, bald or soft to downy hairy sepals are broadly bell-shaped to cylindrical or jug-shaped fused. The calyx is more or less pentagonal and can be weakly keeled. The five calyx teeth are equal to half as long as the calyx tube. The usually five petals are fused bell-shaped. The five full-edged corolla lobes, which are only bent back in the section Dodecatheon , have the same to twice the length of the corolla tube; their upper end is usually rounded. The color of the petals ranges from lavender, magenta, pink to purple, rarely red and from white to yellow. There is only the inner circle with mostly five stamens . The stamens are mostly free, only in the section Dodecatheon there are species in which they have grown together to form a tube. Except in the Dodecatheon section, the stamens do not protrude above the corolla. The ovary is on top. There is often heterostyly - the flowers differ in the length of the style.

Fruits and seeds

The spherical, cylindrical or ellipsoidal, usually five-lobed capsule fruits open up to a third of their length when ripe and usually contain many (10 to over 100) seeds. The brown seeds are ovate to oblong, somewhat square with a reticulate or blistered surface.

Chromosome numbers

The basic chromosome number is x = (8), 9, (10), 11, (12) or 22 in the case of the Dodecatheon section .

distribution

Wild primroses are widespread throughout the northern hemisphere , around half of all species are native to China .

They are particularly rich in species in the mountains. A remarkable adaptation to the habitat can be seen here. Primroses in the lowlands consistently bloom yellow, alpine species (with the exception of the yellow auricles ) pink, red-violet to blue. This fact can be explained by the fact that bees tend to pollinate in the lowlands and butterflies in the mountains .

Systematics

Synonyms for the genus Primula are Aretia Link , Cortusa L. , Dionysia Fenzl , Dodecatheon L. and Sredinskya ( Stein ) Fed. . The generic name Primula can be translated as 'first flower' ( Latin prima 'the first'), which indicates the early flowering period.

The genus Primula is divided into about five subgenera with up to over 40 sections and contains about 500 species:

Aleuritia section : Flour primrose ( Primula farinosa )
Aleuritia section : Primula laurentiana
Section Aleuritia : A variety of Primula modesta : Primula modesta var. Fauriei
  • Subgenus Aleuritia ( Duby ) Wendelbo :
    • Section Aleuritia Duby (sometimes including Section Armerina Lindl. ):
    • Section Algida :
      • Primula fistulosa Turkev. (Syn .: Primula farinosa L. subsp. Fistulosa ( Turkev. ) WWSm. & Forrest ): It comes in the Russian Far East, Mongolia and China.
    • Section Armerina Lindl. (sometimes also included in section Aleuritia ):
    • Section Capitatae Pax :
      • Head primrose ( Primula capitata Hook. , Syn .: Primula sphaerocephala Balf. F. & Forrest ): It occurs in China and on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Primula concinna Watt (Syn .: Primula farinosa L. var. Concinna ( Watt ) Pax ): It is native to southern Tibet via northeastern India to Nepal.
    • Section Chartacea Balf. f.
    • Section Cordifoliae Pax :
      • Primula caveana W.W.Sm. (Syn .: Primula cana Balf. F. & Cave , Primula younghusbandiana Balf. F. ): The home extends from southern Tibet via Bhutan and northeast India to Nepal.
      • Primula littledalei Balf. f. & Watt (Syn .: Primula consocia W.W.Sm. ): The home is in southern Tibet.
      • Primula rotundifolia Wall. , (Syn .: Primula cardiophylla I.B.Balf. & WWSm. , Primula cordata Balf. F. Ex WWSm. & Forrest , Primula cordifolia Pax , Primula roxburghii N.P.Balakr. ): It occurs in northern India and Nepal.
        Section Crystallophlomis : Primula Tschuktschorum
    • Section Crystallophlomis ( Rupr. ) Fed. :
      • Primula advena W.W.Sm. : The homeland is eastern Tibet.
      • Primula agleniana Balf. f. & Forrest : The home is China and Myanmar.
      • Primula boreiocalliantha Balf. f. & Forrest , (Syn .: Primula coryana I.B.Balf. & Forrest ex WWSm. , Primula muliensis Hand.-Mazz. , Primula propinqua I.B.Balf. & Forrest ): The home is south-western China.
      • Primula calliantha Franch. , (Syn .: Primula bryophila Balf.f. & Farrer , Primula junior I.B.Balf. & Forrest , Primula mishmiensis Kingdon-Ward , Primula proba I.B.Balf. & Forrest , Primula shweli-calliantha I.B.Balf. & Forrest , Primula tribola IBBalf . & Forrest ): It occurs in China, Myanmar and northeast India.
      • White-flowered primrose ( Primula chionantha Balf.f. & Forrest , Syn .: Primula ingens W.W.Sm. & Forrest , Primula sinopurpurea I.B.Balf. ex Hutch. ): The home is south-western China.
      • Primula elongata Watt : The homeland is southern Tibet, Bhutan and northern India.
      • Primula eximia Greene : The home is subarctic North America.
      • Primula farreriana Balf. f. : The homeland is the central Chinese province of Qinghai .
      • Primula hongshanensis D.WHRankin , ZDFang & H.Sun : The home is the Chinese province of Yunnan .
      • Primula macrophylla D.Don (Syn .: Primula aitchisonii Pax , Primula atroviolacea Jacquem. Ex Duby , Primula moorcroftiana Wall. Ex Klatt , Primula purpurea Royle ): The distribution area is in Central Asia, western China and the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Primula maximowiczii rule , (Syn .: Primula oreocharis Hance ): The homeland is northeastern China and Mongolia.
      • Primula minor Balf. f. & Kingdon-Ward , (Syn .: Primula atuntzuensis I.B.Balf. & Forrest , Primula helvenacea Balf. F. & Kingdon Ward , Primula petraea Balf. F. & Forrest ): The home is south-western China.
      • Primula nivalis Pall. , (Syn .: Primula turkestanica ( rule ) EAWhite ): It occurs in southern Siberia, Central Asia, Mongolia and northwestern China.
      • Primula obtusifolia Royle (Syn .: Primula traillii Watt ): The distribution area is in the Himalayan region.
      • Primula orbicularis Hemsl. , (Syn .: Primula macounii Greene , Primula ochracea Pax & K.Hoffm. ): The home is in central China.
      • Primula pumila ( Ledeb. ) Pax , (Syn .: Primula eximia Greene ): It occurs in North America and in the Russian Far East.
      • Primula soongii F.H.Chen & CMHu : The homeland is the west of the Chinese province Sichuan .
      • Primula stuartii Wall. : It occurs in northern India and Nepal.
      • Primula szechuanica Pax (Syn .: Primula aemula Balf.f. & Forrest , Primula declinis I.B.Balf. & Forrest , Primula decurva I.B.Balf. & Forrest , Primula gagnepainiana Hand.-Mazz. ): The homeland is southwestern China.
      • Primula Tschuktschorum Kjellm. : It occurs in Alaska and the Russian Far East.
    • Section Davidii Balf. f. :
      • Primula excapa F.H.Chen & CMHu : The homeland is in the center of the Chinese province of Yunnan.
      • Primula odontocalyx ( Franch. ) Pax (Syn .: Primula petiolaris Wall. Var. Odontocalyx Franch. , Primula hupehensis Craib , Primula hylophila Balf. F. & Farrer ): The home is in central China.
      • Primula taliensis Forrest : The home is in the west of the Chinese province of Yunnan and in the north of Myanmar.
        Denticulata section : inflorescence of the ball primrose ( Primula denticulata )
    • Denticulata Watt section :
      • Ball primrose ( Primula denticulata Sm. ) (Syn .: Primula adenophora leaf. , Primula aequalis Craib , Primula cachemeriana Munro , Primula harsukhii Craib , Primula paucifolia Watt , Primula platycrana Craib ): The distribution is in southwestern China, in Myanmar, the North of the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan .
      • Primula erratica W.W.Sm. : The homeland are the central Chinese provinces of Gansu and Sichuan.
      • Primula glomerata Pax (Syn .: Primula crispa Balf. F. & WWSm. ): The distribution extends from southern Tibet through northern India to Nepal.
      • Primula pseudodenticulata Pax (Syn .: Primula auriculata var. Polyphylla Franch. , Primula denticulata subsp. Stolonifera ( Balf. F. ) WWSm. & Forrest , Primula polyphylla ( Franch. ) Petitm. , Primula pseudodenticulata subsp. Polyphylla ( Franch. ) WWSm . & Forrest , Primula stolonifera Balf.f. ): It is native to the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
    • Section Fedtschenkoana Wendelbo :
    • Section Glabra ( WWSm. & HRFletcher ) AJRichards
    • Section Minutissimae Pax :
      • Primula bella Franch. : The home is China.
      • Primula minutissima Jacquem. (Syn .: Primula heydei Watt. ): The distribution area is in the northwestern Himalayas with Pakistan, India, Nepal and Tibet.
      • Primula primulina ( Spreng. ) Hara (Syn .: Androsace primulina Spreng. , Androsace primuloides D.Don , Primula pusilla Wall. , Primula pusilla var. Flabellata W.W.Sm. ): The distribution area extends from southern Tibet via Bhutan and north-eastern India to Nepal.
      • Primula reptans Hook. f. (Syn .: Primula stracheyi Hook.f. ): The distribution area is in the northwestern Himalayas.
      • Primula stirtoniana Watt : The home is in the Himalayas from Bhutan to Nepal.
      • Primula tenuiloba ( Watt ) Pax (Syn .: Primula muscoides Hook.f. ex Watt var. Tenuiloba Watt , Primula indobella Balf.f. & WWSm. ): It is found in southern and southeastern Tibet, in Bhutan, in northeastern India and in Home to Nepal.
        Muscarioides section : Orchid primrose ( Primula vialii )
    • Section Muscarioides Balf. f. :
    • Section Oreophlomis ( Rupr. ) Fed. :
    • Petiolares Pax Section :
      • Primula aureata H.R. Fletcher : The home is Nepal.
      • Primula bhutanica H.R. Fletcher : It occurs in Tibet and on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Primula bracteosa Craib (Syn. Primula boothii Craib ): The distribution extends from southern Tibet via Bhutan and northeast India to Nepal.
      • Primula calderiana Balf.f. & RECooper (Syn .: Primula laeta W.W.Sm. , Primula roylei Balf.f. & WWSm. , Primula roylei subsp. Calderiana W.W.Sm. & Forrest , Primula roylei var. Alba W.W.Sm. ): The home is in southern Tibet, in Bhutan, northeast India and Nepal.
      • Primula deuteronana Craib : The home is in Nepal as far as the Indian state of Sikkim.
      • Primula hookeri Watt : It is native to China in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan, furthermore in Bhutan, in northeastern India and in Nepal.
      • Primula moupinensis Franch. : It occurs in southwest China and Myanmar.
      • Primula ovalifolia Franch. (Syn .: Primula aequipila Craib , Primula limprichtii Pax , Primula macropoda Craib , Primula polia Craib ): The home is in central China.
      • Primula petiolaris Wall. : It occurs on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Primula pulchra Watt : The distribution area extends from Tibet over Myanmar to the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Primula sonchifolia Franch. : It occurs in southwest China and Myanmar.
        Proliferae section : Primula anisodora
        Proliferae section : Bulley's primrose ( Primula bulleyana )
    • Section Proliferae Pax :
      • Orange-flowered primrose ( Primula aurantiaca W.W.Sm. & Forrest ): The home is China.
      • Bunk primroses , terracotta primroses ( Primula bulleyana Forrest ): The home is China.
        • Bees Primrose ( Primula bulleyana subsp. Beesiana ( Forrest ) AJRichards , Syn .: Primula beesiana Forrest )
        • Bulley's primrose ( Primula bulleyana subsp. Bulleyana )
        • Colorful single-tier primrose (hybrid Primula × bullesiana ; Syn .: Primula beesiana × Primula bulleyana )
      • Burmese primrose ( Primula burmanica Balf.f. & Kingdon-Ward ): It occurs in southwestern China and Myanmar.
      • Yunnan primrose ( Primula chungensis Balf.f. & Kingdon-Ward ): The home is China.
      • Cockburn Primrose ( Primula cockburniana Hemsl. ): The home is China.
      • Japan primrose / Japanese floor primrose ( Primula japonica A.Gray ): It occurs in Japan.
      • Primula miyabeana T. Ito & Kawak. : The home is Taiwan .
      • Poisson primrose ( Primula poissonii Franch. ): The home is China.
      • Primula polonensis Kingdon-Ward : Home is India.
      • Primula prenantha Balf.f. & WWSm. : It occurs in southwest China, Myanmar and on the northern Indian subcontinent.
        • Primula prenantha subsp. morsheadiana (Kingdon-Ward) FHChen & CMHu (Syn .: Primula morsheadiana Kingdon-Ward ): The homeland is southeastern Tibet.
        • Primula prenantha Balf. f. & WWSm. subsp. prenantha : It iswidespreadin northeastern India, Bhutan, Nepal, northern Myanmar, northwestern Yunnan and in the southeastern autonomous region of Xizang .
      • Primula prolifera Wall. (Syn .: Primula helodoxa Balf.f. , Primula ianthina Balf.f. & Cave , Primula smithiana Craib ): It occurs in southwestern China, in Myanmar, Indonesia and on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Sichuan primrose ( Primula pulverulenta Duthie ): The home is China.
      • Primula secundiflora Franch. (Syn .: Primula vittata Bureau & Franch. ): The home is China.
      • Primula serratifolia Franch. : It occurs in southwest China and in Myanmar.
      • Primula wilsonii Dunn : The home is China.
    • Section Pulchella ( WWSm. & HRFletcher ) AJRichards :
    • Section Sikkimensis Balf. f. :
      • Moonlight primrose ( Primula alpicola ( WWSm. ) Stapf ): It occurs in China and Bhutan.
      • Primula firmipes Balf. f. & Forrest (Syn .: Primula deleiensis Kingdon-Ward , Primula firmipes subsp. Flexilipes ( Balf. F. & Forrest ) WWSm. & Forrest , Primula flexilipes Balf. F. & Forrest ): The home is in China in southeastern Tibet and in northeastern Yunnan and further in northern Myanmar.
      • Tibetan primrose ( Primula florindae Kingdon-Ward ): The home is in Tibet.
      • Primula ioessa W.W.Sm. (Syn .: Primula sikkimensis subsp. Subpinnatifida W.W.Sm. , Primula sikkimensis var. Subpinnatifida W.W.Sm. ): The home is in southeastern Tibet.
      • Primula reticulata Wall. : It occurs in Tibet and on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Sikkim primrose ( Primula sikkimensis Hook. , Syn .: Primula pseudosikkimensis Forrest ): It occurs in southwestern China, Myanmar and on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Primula waltonii Watt (Syn .: Primula prionotes Balf.f. & Watt ): The home is southern Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim.
    • Section Soldanelloides Pax :
    • Section Yunnanensis Balf. f. :
      • Primula florida Balf. f. & Forrest (Syn .: Primula asperulata N.P.Balakr. , Primula blinii H.Lév. , Primula incisa Franch. , Primula longipinnatifida F.H.Chen , Primula oresbia Balf. F. , Primula pectinata Balf.f. & Forrest ): The home is China .
      • Primula membranifolia Franch. (Syn .: Primula longituba Forrest ): The home is the Chinese province of Yunnan.
      • Primula souliei Franch. : The home is China.
      • Primula yunnanensis Franch. : The home is China.
  • Currently not belonging to a section (selection):
    • Primula caldaria W.W.Sm. & Forrest (Syn .: Primula caldaria var. Nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest ): The homeland is in eastern Tibet and in the northwest of the Chinese province of Yunnan.
    • Primula efarinosa Pax : The home is the Chinese provinces of Hubei and Sichuan.
    • Primula sertulum Franch. : The home is in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
      Subgenus Auganthus : Alpine medicinal bells ( Primula matthioli )
  • Subgenus Auganthus ( Link ) Wendelbo :
    • Alpine healing bell ( Primula matthioli (L.) VARicht., Syn .: Cortusa matthioli L.): Home is Europe.
    • Section Auganthus ( Link ) Pax ex Balf. f. :
      • Primula filchnerae R.Knuth : The home is the south of the central Chinese province of Shaanxi .
      • Chinese primrose ( Primula praenitens ) Ker Gawl. (Syn. Auganthus praenitens Link , Oscaria chinensis Lilja , Primula mandarina Hoffmanns. , Primula semperflorens Loisel. Ex Steud. , Primula sertulosa J.Kickx f. , Primulidium sinense ( Sabine ex Lindl. ) Spach. , Primula sinensis Sabine ex Lindl. ) : The homeland is in the southwest Chinese provinces of Guizhou and Sichuan.
      • Primula rupestris Balf. f. & Farrer (Syn. Primula calciphila Hutch. ): The home is in the central Chinese provinces of Shaanxi and Hubei.
        Section Cortusoides : Siebold's primrose ( Primula Sieboldii )
    • Section Bullatae Pax :
      • Primula bracteata Franch. (Syn .: Primula articulata W.W.Sm. , Primula articulata var. Sublinearis W.W.Sm. , Primula dubernardiana Forrest , Primula henricii Bureau & Franch. , Primula monbeigii Balf.f. , Primula pseudobracteata Petitm. , Primula pulvinata Balf. F. & Kingdon –Ward , Primula tapeina Balf.f. & Forrest , Primula ulophylla Hand.-Mazz. ): The home is southwest China.
      • Primula forrestii Balf.f. (Syn .: Primula bullata Franch. Var. Rufa ( Balf. F. ) WWSm. & HRFletcher , Primula rufa Balf.f. , Primula redolens Balf. F. & Kingdon – Ward ): The home is the southwest Chinese province of Yunnan.
      • Primula rockii W.W.Sm. : The home is southwest China.
    • Section of Cortusoides Balf. f. :
      • Primula cortusoides L .: It occurs in southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, northeastern China and Korea.
      • Primula geraniifolia Hook. f. (Syn .: Primula heucherifolia Franch. Subsp. Humicola ( Balf.f. & Forrest ) WWSm. & Forrest , Primula humicola Balf.f. & Forrest ): It occurs in southwestern China, Myanmar and on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Primula heucherifolia Franch. (Syn .: Primula gagnepainii Petitm. , Primula lanata Pax & K. Hoffmann ): The home is the southwest Chinese province of Sichuan.
      • Primula jesoana Miq. (Syn .: Primula paxiana Gilg ): The homeland is eastern China, Japan and Korea.
      • Primula kisoana Miq. : The home is Japan.
      • Primula latisecta W.W.Sm. : The homeland is the southern Tibet Autonomous Region.
      • Primula minkwitziae WWSm. : The home is Kazakhstan.
      • Primula mollis Nutt. ex Hook. (Syn .: Primula seclusa Balf. F. & Forrest ): It occurs in south-western China, Myanmar and on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Multi-veined primrose or Veitch primrose ( Primula polyneura Franch. , Syn .: Primula hymenophylla Balf.f. & Forrest , Primula lichiangensis ( Forrest ) Forrest , Primula sataniensis Balf. F. & Farrer , Primula sikuensis Balf.f. & Farrer , Primula veitchii Duthie ): The home is southwest to central China.
      • Primula septemloba Franch. : The home is southwest China.
      • Siebold's Primrose ( Primula Sieboldii E. Morren ): It occurs in southeastern Siberia, northeastern China, Korea and Japan.
      • Primula sinomollis Balf. f. & Forrest (Syn .: Primula cinerascens Franch. Subsp. Sinomollis ( Balf.f. & Forrest ) WWSm. & Forrest , Primula cinerascens subsp. Sylvicola ( Hutch. ) WWSm. & Forrest , Primula sylvicola Hutch. ): Home is the southwest China's Yunnan Province.
    • Section Dryadifolia Balf. f. :
      • Primula dryadifolia Franch. (Syn .: Primula chlorodryas W.W.Sm. ): It occurs in south-western China, Myanmar and Bhutan.
    • Section Malvacea Balf. f. :
      • Primula aromatica W.W.Sm. & Forrest : The home is the southwest Chinese province of Yunnan.
      • Primula bathangensis Petitm. (Syn .: Primula pintchouanensis Petitm. , Primula racemosa Bonati , Primula stephanocalyx Hand-Mazz. ): The home is south-western China.
      • Primula ariformis Franch. (Syn .: Primula microstachys Balf. F. & Forrest , Primula tenana Bonati ex Balf.f. ): The home is south-western China.
      • Primula celsiiformis Balf. f (Syn .: Primula racemosa H.Lév. ): The homeland is southwestern China.
      • Primula malvacea Franch. (Syn .: Primula atrotubata W.W.Sm. & Forrest , Primula barybotrys Hand-Mazz. , Primula langkongensis Forrest ): The home is southwestern China.
      • Primula saturata W.W.Sm. & HRFletcher : The home is in the west of the Chinese province of Sichuan.
        Section Monocarpicae : Lilac Primrose ( Primula malacoides )
        Obconicolisteri section : cup primrose ( Primula obconica )
    • Section Monocarpicae Franch. ex pax :
      • Primula forbesii Franch. (Syn. Primula androsacea Pax , Primula barbeyana Petitm. , Primula forbesii Franch. Subsp. Androsacea ( Pax ) WWSm. & Forrest , Primula multicaulis Petitm. , Primula willmottiae Petitm. ): The homeland is southwestern China.
      • Primula interjacens F.H.Chen : The home is in the southwest Chinese province of Yunnan.
      • Lilac primrose , bridal primrose ( Primula malacoides Franch. , Syn .: Primula delicata Petitm. , Primula forbesii Franch. Subsp. Delicata ( Petitm. ) WWSm. & Forrest , Primula pseudomalacoides L.B.Stewart ): It occurs in southwestern China and Myanmar.
    • Section Obconicolisteri Balf. f. :
      • Primula asarifolia H.R. Fletcher : The home is in the southwest Chinese province of Yunnan.
      • Primula barbicalyx C.H.Wright (Syn .: Primula obconica Hance subsp. Barbicalyx ( CHWright ) WWSm. ): The home is in the southwestern Chinese province of Yunnan.
      • Primula dumicola W.W.Sm. & Forrest : The home is southwest China.
      • Primula filipes Watt (Syn .: Androsace cordifolia Wall. ): The home is the Himalayan region from the Indian state of Assam via Bhutan to Nepal.
      • Primula listeri King : It occurs on the northern Indian subcontinent.
      • Cup primrose ( Primula obconica Hance , Syn .: Primula obconica Hance var. Grandiflora hort.): The home is China and Thailand.
      • Primula rubifolia C.M.Hu : Home is in the southwest Chinese province of Yunnan.
      • Primula sinolisteri Balf. f. : The home is the southwest Chinese province of Yunnan.
    • Section Pycnoloba Balf. f. :
      • Primula pycnoloba Bureau & Franch. : The home is in the central-western Chinese province of Sichuan.
    • Section Reinii Balf.f. :
Auricula section : Allioni primrose ( Primula allionii )
Auricula Section : Auricle ( Primula auricula )
Auricula section : Sticky primrose ( Primula glutinosa )
Auricula section : Dwarf primrose ( Primula minima )
Common cowslip ( Primula veris )
  • Subgenus Primula :
    • Primula section :
      • High cowslip ( Primula elatior (L.) Hill ): It is widespread in Europe and inhabits Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus region in Western Asia and the Russian Altai Republic in southern Siberia .
      • Carpet primrose ( Primula juliae Kusn. ): The home is the Caucasus region.
      • Black Sea Primrose ( Primula megaseifolia Boiss. ): It occurs in Turkey and Georgia.
      • Real cowslip ( Primula veris L .; Syn .: Primula officinalis (L.) Hill ): It is widespread in Europe and inhabits Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus region in Western Asia.
      • Stemless cowslip ( Primula vulgaris Huds. , Syn .: Primula acaulis (L.) Hill , Primula veris var. Acaulis L. ): It is widespread in Europe, settles in the Middle East and reaches North Africa with Algeria .
    • Section of Sredinskya
  • Subgenus Sphondylia :

The following Primula species are not yet assigned to any sub-taxa (selection):

  • Primula denticuloides Y.J.Nasir : The home is Pakistan.
  • Primula duthieana Balf.f. & WWSm. (Syn. Primula moorcroftiana var. Flavida W.W.Sm. ): The distribution area is in the northwestern Himalayas .
  • Primula hazarica Duthie : The home is Pakistan.  
  • Primula inayatii Duthie : The distribution area is in the northwestern Himalayas.  
  • Primula pamirica Fed. : The distribution area is in the Central Asian mountains and in the northwestern Himalayas.
  • Primula schlagintweitiana Pax : The distribution area is in the northwestern Himalayas.
  • Primula warshenewskiana B. Fedsch . (Syn .: Primula harrissii Balf. F. , Primula radicata Balf. F. & WWSm. , Primula rosea var. Harrissii (Balf. F.) WWSm. & Fletcher , Primula rosiflora Balf. F. & WWSm. ): Home located in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

use

Primula vulgaris - hybrid, cultivated form, various primrose varieties in a wide range of colors

Primroses as ornamental plants

Where limestone and primary rock meet, one often finds fertile crosses between auricle and hairy primrose . This form, known as the hybrid auricle ( Primula × pubescens ), is the parent species of many primrose varieties.

Numerous other species (Asian and especially Chinese) are also cultivated as ornamental plants. Hybrids between the individual species are not uncommon. They are used in different colors as popular bedding and balcony plants. There are also many varieties for cool rooms. For example, the cup primrose ( Primula obconica ) is known as a flowering pot plant .

Primroses as a medicinal plant

Primroses are used as a medicinal plant because of their high content of saponins. These substances act e.g. B. with colds and chronic bronchitis secretolytic (expectorant) and expectorant, d. that is, they encourage expectoration of mucus.

Blossom: Saponins are mainly found in the sepals (especially primulic acid) - approx. 2%. In the remaining parts of the flower mainly flavonoids , carotenoids , traces of essential oil, and enzymes (primverase) occur. The tea is used as a mild secretolytic (expectorant) for coughs, bronchitis and colds. In folk medicine, the flower is also used as a nerve remedy for headaches, neuralgia , trembling limbs , dizziness and as a heart tonic .

Root: Due to their high saponin content , primroses are used as a phytotherapeutic agent. They are prescribed primarily to liquefy the sputum in chronic bronchitis with an urge to cough in the form of cough tea, juices and drops. In addition to the effects of the flower in folk medicine, it is also used against asthma, whooping cough and gout.

The floury or oily glandular secretions of various types can cause skin irritations and sometimes allergic reactions. Oral intake can sometimes lead to symptoms of intoxication such as stomach pain, nausea, nausea and diarrhea.

See also

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  • Siegfried Bäumler: Medicinal plants practice today - portraits, recipes, application. Elsevier Urban & Fischer, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-437-57270-8 , p. 367
  • Sylvia Kelso: Primulaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 , pp. 286 (English). on-line
  • Qiming Hu, Sylvia Kelso: Primulaceae . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 , pp. 99 (English). on-line
  • Zhang Dianxiang: Primula. In: South China Botanical Garden Herbarium (IBSC). Retrieved November 16, 2011 (English, embedded in eFloras.org).
  • Yasin J. Nasir: Primulaceae . In: Flora of Pakistan . tape 157 . Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 1984, OCLC 248767966 , Primula , S. 2 (English, online ).
  • KK Shrestha, JR Press, DA Sutton: Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal . Natural History Museum, London 2000, ISBN 0-565-09154-9 ( online species list, date January 6, 2005).
  • Tatyana Shulkina: Ornamental plants from Russia and adjacent states of the former Soviet Union . Rostok, St. Petersburg 2004, ISBN 5-94668-032-3 (English, online ).
  • Austin R. Mast, Sylvia Kelso, Elena Conti: Are any primroses (Primula) primitively monomorphic? In: New Phytologist . tape 171 , no. 3 , 2006, p. 605–616 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.2006.01700.x ( PDF file; 1,163.47 kB ).
  • Austin R. Mast, Sylvia Kelso, A. John Richards, Daniela J. Lang, Danielle MS Feller, Elena Conti: Phylogenetic Relationships in Primula L. and related Genera (Primulaceae) based on noncoding Chloroplast DNA . In: International Journal of Plant Sciences . tape 162 , no. 6 , 2001, p. 1381-1400 ( PDF file ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Primula in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Qiming Hu, Sylvia Kelso: Primulaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 , pp. 99 (English). on-line
  3. a b c Karol Marhold: Primulaceae. Primula. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, 2011, accessed on November 2, 2013 (English).
  4. a b c Primula at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 2, 2013.
  5. Primula serrata Georgi . In: Virtual Guide to the Flora of Mongolia - Plant Database as Practical Approach. University of Greifswald, accessed on November 13, 2011 .
  6. Hai-Fei Yan, Chong-Hua He, Ching-I Peng, Chi-Ming Hu, Gang Hao: Circumscription of Primula subgenus Auganthus (Primulaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution. Volume 48, No. 2, 2010, pp. 123-132, doi : 10.1111 / j.1759-6831.2010.00068.x
  7. ^ Zhang Li-Bing, JW Kadereit: Classification of Primula sect. Auricula (Primulaceae) based on two molecular data sets (ITS, AFLPs), morphology and geographical distribution. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 146, No. 1, 2004, pp. 1-26, doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2004.00301.x

Web links

Commons : Primroses ( Primula )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files