Auricle

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Auricle
Auricle (primula auricula)

Auricle ( primula auricula )

Systematics
Family : Primrose Family (Primulaceae)
Subfamily : Primuloideae
Genre : Primroses ( primula )
Subgenus : Auriculastrum
Section : Auricula
Type : Auricle
Scientific name
Primula auricula
L.

The auricle or alpine auricle ( Primula auricula ) is a species of plant that belongs to the genus of primroses ( Primula ). Regionally, for example in Bavaria, the garden primrose is also known as auricle.

description

Illustration from Atlas of Alpine Flora
Infructescence with capsule fruits

Vegetative characteristics

The auricle grows as an evergreen, perennial herbaceous plant , reaches heights of 5 to 25 centimeters and is thus the largest alpine primrose species. The plant parts of the auricles are at most a little floury dusted.

The leaves are arranged in a basal rosette. The simple leaf blade is narrow, obovate to lanceolate with a length of 2 to 12 centimeters. The leaf margin is notched or entire. The surface is shiny, dry gray-green and, like the edge, sparsely covered with short glandular hairs less than 0.2 millimeters long. The water-storing leaves sometimes have a distinct cartilage edge, are fleshy, relatively thick and have a wax layer that protects against solar radiation and limits evaporation.

Generative characteristics

Four to twelve flowers are grouped together in a golden inflorescence . The slightly to strongly scented, hermaphrodite flowers are 15 to 25 millimeters in diameter and have radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused bell-shaped. The chalice is almost half as long as the corolla tube. The five pale yellow petals are fused to form a corolla tube that ends in five expanded corolla lobes.

The capsule fruits are spherical and contain brown-black seeds up to 1.5 millimeters long .

The flowering period extends from April to June, the fruit ripening from September to October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 62, 63, 64 or 66.

ecology

The auricle is a perennial hemicryptophyte and a rosette plant with a strong rhizome . Vegetative reproduction takes place through the rhizome. The evergreen, succulent leaves serve as a starch store in winter . The auricle is deep-rooted .

The flowers are homogamous "plate flowers with enclosed anthers and stigmas". Pollinators of the fragrant flowers are mostly bumblebees , more rarely butterflies . Long-styled flowers, in which self-pollination should be possible when the corolla falls off, bloom before the short-styled ones.

The fruits spread the seeds as wind spreaders and rainworms, and people also spread as a garden plant. The seeds are light and cold germs.

Auricula ( Primula auricula ) in the Tatra Mountains
Auricula ( Primula auricula ) in the habitat

Occurrence

The distribution area of Aurikel includes the western Northern Limestone Alps , including Jura , Black Forest and a number of relic sites in the Bavarian Alpine foothills north to the Danube Enge near Weltenburg and the Tatra -Gebirge. It occurs in eastern France , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , southern Germany , western Austria (Vorarlberg, Tyrol), south-western Poland and Slovakia .

The auricle can be found from the valley up to an altitude of 2900 meters. Frequent locations of this calcareous plant are calcareous mats , crevices, rubble and also upholstered sedge lawns . The auricle found refuge in deeper, protected areas during the Ice Ages .

The Aurikel is a characteristic species of the association Potentillion caulescentis. But it also occurs in plant communities of the Cystopteridion, in high altitudes also in those of the Seslerion and in low altitudes in those of the Molinion or Erico-Pinion. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of 2250 meters.

Systematics

The first publication of Primula auricula was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Primula auricula belongs to the sub-section Euauricula from the section Auricula in the sub-genus Auriculastrum within the genus Primula .

Primula auricula is rich in shapes and there are some subspecies depending on the author:

  • Primula auricula L. subsp. auricula : the plant is only floured on the calyx and the throat of the corolla tube. The leaves are obovate and up to 7 centimeters wide, they are thick, leathery and usually do not have a cartilaginous edge. The flowers are odorless or have a weak smell. This subspecies occurs in the Alps, in the Alpine foothills and in the Jura.
  • Primula auricula subsp. bauhini (Beck) Lüdi : It occurs in Croatia.
  • Primula auricula subsp. hungarica (Borbás) Soó : It occurs in Hungary and Slovakia.
  • Primula auricula subsp. serratifolia (Rochel) Jáv. : It occurs in Serbia and Romania.
  • Primula auricula subsp. tatriaca L.B.Zhang : the plant is usually clearly floured on the leaves. The leaves are narrow, obovate and only up to 4 centimeters wide, they are thick, leathery and usually have no cartilaginous edge. The flowers have a strong smell. This subspecies is found in the Tatra Mountains.
  • Primula auricula subsp. widmerae (Pax) LBZhang : the leaves are lanceolate and flourless, they are very thin, herbaceous, long and densely hairy and have a narrow, cartilaginous margin. This subspecies occurs only on gneiss in the southern Black Forest z. B. in Höllental before. The subspecies is named after the Swiss botanist Elisabeth Widmer, who later became the wife of the famous genetic researcher Carl Correns .

Primula auricula no longer includes the populations occurring in the southern and eastern Alps, in the Apennines, in Hungary, in the southwest Carpathians and on the Balkan Peninsula, which were named Primula balbisii loam in 2004 . (Syn. Primula auricula subsp. Balbisii (loam.) Nyman ) were separated.

Toxicity

The plant parts are poisonous.

Active ingredients are in the root saponins and 0.8% oil, mainly with Paeoenol , primin and traces of esters, in the herb Myrestin , cyanine , 3 ', 4'-dihydroxyflavone and kaempferol in flour dust flavone.

Pharmacological effects: Primula auricula can cause dermatitis . The symptoms that occur on contact are apparently caused by an allergen and not by a substance that has something to do with the well-known primrose poison of East Asian species, such as. B. Primula obconica has to do. In contrast to dermatitis caused by poison primroses, itching is absent here, and repeated exposure does not result in a stronger, but rather a significantly weaker reaction.

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 , p. 168 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Occurrence, effect, therapy, allergic and phototoxic reactions. With a special section about poisonous animals. 6th, revised edition, special edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Li-Bing Zhang, Joachim W. Kadereit: Classification of Primula sect. Auricula (Primulaceae) based on two molecular data sets (ITS, AFLPs), morphology and geographical distribution. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 146, No. 1, 2004, pp. 1-26, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2004.00301.x .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p.  619-620 .
  3. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  737 .
  4. ^ A b Primula auricula in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 317.
  6. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 143, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D143%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
  7. ↑ a b c Karol Marhold (2011): Primulaceae. Primula auricula In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
  8. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 , p. 618 .

Web links

Commons : Auricle ( Primula auricula )  - album with pictures