Bastard auricula
| Bastard auricula | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hybrid auricula ( Primula × pubescens ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Primula × pubescens | ||||||||||||
| Jacq. |
The hybrid auricle ( Primula × pubescens , syn. Primula × hortensis Wettst.) Belongs to the genus of primroses ( Primula ). It is a hybrid of the auricle ( Primula auricula ) and the hairy primrose ( Primula hirsuta ) and has been cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant since at least the 16th century. The cultivars created by breeding are grouped under the name of garden auricles .
features
The bastard auricle is an evergreen , perennial herbaceous plant with a rhizome and reaches heights of 10 to 30 centimeters. It forms basal rosettes of light green, somewhat fleshy, pinnate-veined to single-veined, sessile leaves . These are shallowly serrated on the edge and are often covered in powdered tiny hairs (Farina, "flour") that can be wiped off. Stipules are missing.
illustration in Anton Hartinger , Atlas of the Alpine flora (1882)
The inflorescence is golden . The hermaphrodite, radially symmetrical , five-fold flowers are salver-plate-shaped. The chalice is round. The tube of the crown is longer than its hem, but not narrowed at the top. The corolla lobes are two-lobed to 1/3. The flower crowns are mostly two-colored, in the wild form light yellow inside and red outside; in the cultivated forms they can be colored white, yellow, pink, scarlet or purple. The carpels are a top permanent ovary grown. A capsule fruit is formed.
The flowering period extends from the beginning of April to mid-May, in some circumstances later in the natural habitat.
Occurrence
The natural hybrid is known from the Alps and other mountains, where the parents' occurrences overlap. In the German Alps it used to occur in the Allgäu, in the Ammer Mountains and on the Benediktenwand, but is now considered lost. It is known from Belchen from the Black Forest .
Botanical history and use
Linnaeus , who must have seen specimens of this hybrid during his studies in Holland, did not specifically name it. The first modern description is that of Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin , who also published a color illustration. The hybrid character was only recognized by Anton Kerner von Marilaun . The earliest mention and illustration of the bastard auricula can already be found in Carolus Clusius , who listed them as Auricula ursi II ("Bear's Ear II"). In addition to several places where it was found in the Alps, he knew the plant from the Viennese garden of his doctor friend Johann Aicholz . Clusius sent plants to the Netherlands, from where the auricles quickly spread across Europe. Until the 18th century, it was mainly exported to Germany by Dutch and Flemish commercial gardeners . A first high point in auricle breeding was reached with the breeding of green and gray bordered varieties in England around 1750. There, the so-called show auricle is still one of the traditional "florists' flowers", which are grown in pots while their cultivation on the continent came to a standstill. The garden auricles offered in Germany today have little in common with the show auricles. In contrast to the potted auricles, garden auricles are considered easy to keep, but they require regular division.
There used to be four main groups:
- Luiker (Lütticher) auricles: the flower has one or two main colors, the eye is yellow or white. The whole plant is not powdered.
- English auriculas (in the 18th century: "Painted Ladies"): The flower has a white powdered eye and, under certain circumstances, painting in the form of radial stripes or an edge drawing.
- Fully blooming auricula: Since the end of the 18th century, their importance has been steadily declining, only since the middle of the 20th century have they received more attention.
- Ordinary garden auricula: all cultivars not belonging to the previous groups.
Today, auricle lovers are divided into the following classes:
- single-colored show auricles ("selfs"), flower with Farina
- green or white or gray edged show auriculas with a black base color ("Edged auriculas"), flower with Farina
- green or white or gray edged show auricles with a different basic color ("fancies"), flower with Farina
- striped auriculas ("Striped auriculas"), flower with Farina
- double auriculas ("Double auriculas"), floured or flourless
- unmilled, so-called alpine auricles with yellow or cream-colored eyes and a shaded base color ("yellow / light centered alpines")
- Bed or garden auricles, floured or unfloured, strong-growing auricles, often with wavy petals ("Border auriculas")
supporting documents
literature
- Erich Götz: Identify plants with the computer. 2001, ISBN 3-8252-8168-X .
- Allan Guest: The Auricula: History, Cultivation and Varieties. Garden Art Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-870673-62-4 .
- Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler excursion flora from Germany. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
- Hans Simon, Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht: The free-range - ornamental perennials. 5th edition. Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6 , p. 768.
- Brigitte Wachsmuth, Marion Nickig: The auricles: history and culture of an old garden plant. Ellert and Richter, 2004, ISBN 3-8319-0169-4 .
Web links
- Bastard auricula. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Originated at the seams of the habitats of (two) vicarious species .
Individual evidence
- ↑ www.bayernflora.de
- ↑ G. Philippi: Primulaceae, cowslip family. In: O. Sebald, S. Seybold, G. Philippi (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3312-1 , p. 388.
- ^ Franz Xaver Wulfen: Plantae rariores Carinthiacae . Vienna 1778.
- ↑ A. Kerner: The history of the auricle. In: Journal of the German and Austrian Alpine Club. VI, Munich 1875, pp. 39-65.
- ↑ Carolus Clusius: Rariorum plantarum historia. Antwerp 1601, p. 303.
- ↑ Brigitte Wachsmuth, Marion Nickig: The auricle: history and culture of an old garden plant. Ellert and Richter, 2004, ISBN 3-8319-0169-4 , p. 7.