Beef somatotropin

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Somatotropin ( Bos taurus )
Somatotropin (Bos taurus)
according to PDB  1bst

Existing structural data : 1bst

Mass / length primary structure 191 amino acids
Identifier
Gene name (s) GH1 (Ensembl Cow)
External IDs

Bovine somatotropin (abbreviated bST or BST for English bovine somatotropin ) is a peptide hormone that in the pituitary gland is formed from cattle and as growth hormone acts. It is therefore also called bovine growth hormone ( BGH ). The amino acid sequence of the protein is over 70 percent identical to that of human somatotropin . In the EU, bovine somatotropin is banned for marketing and treating dairy cows.

history

In 1937, the administration of BST had increased milk production in dairy cows because it prevented the mammary gland cells from dying off during lactation . The use of BST in agriculture was limited until the 1980s, as cattle carcasses were the only source of supply.

Monsanto launched recombinantly produced bovine somatotropin (rBST) under the product name Posilac in 1994 . This is produced by genetically modified bacteria ( Escherichia coli ) that carry the BST gene on a vector .

Monsanto sold Posilac and all related rights to Elanco Animal Health, a subsidiary of Eli Lilly , in August 2008 . Posilac has not yet been approved in Canada or Europe. The call by US consumers against the use of artificial growth hormones in 2009 led to a domino effect in milk production to make it rBST-free.

Application of Posilac

Growth hormones, which are injected into dairy cows to increase milk production, are known by a variety of names. In general, however, these names refer to the product of the Monsanto Group. According to the Monsanto package insert, injecting the dairy cows can increase the average 300-day milk yield by 10%.

Posilac prevents the death of mammary gland cells in dairy cows around 70 days after the start of lactation. All in all, this results in higher production during the lactation phase. Since the cow's milk production increases and decreases according to a known curve during the lactation phase, the use of Posilac can improve the result in a targeted manner.

The normal cow produces a limited amount of milk with her lactation. Production increases daily until peak production is reached around day 70. From this point on, until the cow is dry, production slowly decreases. In part, the number of milk-producing cells in the udder causes this increase and decrease in milk production. The number of cells is low at the beginning, increases during the first part of the lactation phase, then decreases as the lactation continues. Once dead, these cells usually do not grow again until the next phase of lactation.

In order to achieve maximum effect with Posilac, farmers are advised to use the first dose of Posilac around the 50th day of the cow's lactation phase, i.e. shortly before the maximum production. Posilac then keeps the existing milk production cells alive at that time. This limits the reduction in production after the maximum output. After peak performance, production decreases with or without Posilac, but more slowly with than without Posilac. This reduction in the production rate results in a higher milk yield over the period of the lactation phase. In the best case scenario, using Posilac increases this yield to seven to eight liters more milk per day.

In the US, about 30% of dairy cows (approximately 3 million) were treated with rBST in 1999, according to Monsanto. rBST was used on 17% of Wisconsin dairy farms in 1999 , including 75% of farms with more than 200 dairy cows. In 2010, approximately 18% of Wisconsin dairy farms were using rBST.

Effects

Cow health

In a meta-analysis in 2003, side effects were described as a 25% increased likelihood of mastitis with some pus formation. The willingness of cows to conceive decreases by 40% during treatment with rBST. The likelihood of lameness in cows is increased by 55%. A meta-analysis from 2014 could not confirm these results for the zinc formulation of rbST.

Milk for human consumption

According to two studies (one of them involving Monsanto), the use of rbST has no effect on the composition of cow's milk. Cell culture and animal experiments have not given any indications that milk from rbST-treated cows is unsafe.

environment

According to a study involving Monsanto, the use of rbST reduces the consumption of feed and water, acreage, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion, greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel compared to producing the same amount of milk without rbST.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ UniProt P01246
  2. ↑ EUR-Lex: Bovine Somatotropin - EU Regulations on Marketing and Use , dated August 11, 2016 (last update), accessed on January 7, 2019
  3. ^ Eli Lilly and Company to Acquire Monsanto's POSILAC Brand Dairy Product and Related Business. (No longer available online.) In: monsanto.com. August 20, 2008, archived from the original on July 1, 2017 ; accessed on April 27, 2017 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / news.monsanto.com
  4. ↑ Consumers drive hormone-free milk , February 15, 2008.
  5. ^ A b D. E. Bauman: Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application. In: Domestic animal endocrinology. Volume 17, Number 2-3, October 1999, ISSN  0739-7240 , pp. 101-116, PMID 10527114 (review).
  6. ^ V. Santaniello: Market Development for Genetically Modified Foods. CABI, 2002, ISBN 978-0-85199-701-8 , p. 106.
  7. ↑ Gerardo Otero: Food for the Few. University of Texas Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-292-75283-2 , pp. 1999-IA4.
  8. ^ Staff, USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 2010. 2010 Dairy Producer Survey
  9. ↑ a b c I. R. Dohoo, L. DesCôteaux, K. Leslie, A. Fredeen, W. Shewfelt, A. Preston, P. Dowling: A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin. 2. Effects on animal health, reproductive performance, and culling. In: Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire. Volume 67, Number 4, October 2003, ISSN  0830-9000 , pp. 252-264, PMID 14620861 , PMC 280709 (free full text).
  10. ^ NR St-Pierre, GA Milliken, DE Bauman, RJ Collier, JS Hogan, JK Shearer, KL Smith, WW Thatcher: Meta-analysis of the effects of sometribove zinc suspension on the production and health of lactating dairy cows. In: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 245, Number 5, September 2014, ISSN  1943-569X , pp. 550-564, doi: 10.2460 / javma.245.5.550 , PMID 25148097 .
  11. ↑ John Vicini, Terry Etherton, Penny Kris-Etherton, Joan Ballam, Steven Denham, Robin Staub, Daniel Goldstein, Roger Cady, Michael McGrath, Matthew Lucy: Survey of Retail Milk Composition as Affected by Label Claims Regarding Farm-Management Practices . In: Journal of the American Dietetic Association . tape 107 , no. 7 , 2008, p. 1198–1203 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jada.2008.04.021 .
  12. ↑ RJ Collier, DE Bauman: Update on human health concerns of recombinant bovine somatotropin use in dairy cows . In: Journal of Animal Science . tape 92 , no. 4 , 2014, p. 1800–1807 , doi : 10.2527 / jas.2013-7383 .
  13. ^ Judith L. Capper, Euridice Castañeda-Gutiérrez, Roger A. Cady, Dale E. Bauman: The environmental impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) use in dairy production . In: PNAS . tape 105 , no. 28 , 2008, p. 9668-9673 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0802446105 .