Swamps

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In mining, swamps (noun: swamp ) are the removal of water from a mine , from the shaft sump or from the entire mine . In early mining, any lifting of the pit water was referred to as swamps, as well as holding or bringing to marshes . Large-scale lowering of the groundwater in the vicinity of open-cast mines by pumping out the water is also known as swamp .

Basics

In the mining extraction of raw materials occurs depending on the mountain to a greater or lesser inflow of mine water . This mine water must through a drainage be removed from the mine. A water ingress - this is the name given to the unexpected influx of large amounts of water into a mine - can cause the mine or parts of it to drown . Neglecting dewatering can also cause a mine to sink. The miner also describes the drowning of mine workings as going to the swamp , a flooded mine is called standing in the swamp . In the case of completely submerged mines, swamping takes place via the deepest day shafts . If only individual pits have flooded, the lowest accessible point is started and further work is done.

Swamps in early mining

In early mining, swamps had to be done mostly by muscle power. For this purpose, the water in the sump was filled into a water bucket, a wooden container that tapered towards the top, using wooden water jugs. The water bucket was pulled out of the shaft with a reel or cap and emptied for days. There were large and small buckets of water. Another possibility was the use of very large water sacs made from bull skins, so-called bulges . These bulges were hung on the hook of the pull chain and let into the shaft. In the swamp they were filled with water, then the basket was pulled up again and the bulge was emptied for days. There were two different bulges: ring bulges and bow bulges. Ringebulgen could draw the water automatically; in the case of the bowlers, the water was moved by wooden shovels and practically poured into it.

Swamps in modern mining

In modern mining, drained pits are swamped in two ways, either with cylindrical immersion tanks or with powerful immersion pumps.

Swamps with immersion vessels

Cylindrical immersion vessels are used up to a depth of 300 meters. They have a capacity of one cubic meter and are either moved in the shaft using a cable reel or fastened under the basket with a chain sling. The immersion vessel can be moved in the shaft at a speed of 2 to 3 m / s without a guide rope. Over the course of the day, the immersion vessels are emptied into special water vehicles through a bottom valve in the bottom of the vessel. The advantage of this method is that the entire facility can be lowered or raised according to the water level.

Swamps with pumps

When swamping by means of pumps, special sinking pumps are used, which are hung on ropes in the drained shaft. They are raised or lowered with a winch according to the water level. Depending on the design, these pumps have pump capacities of up to 10 m³ per minute. There are also so-called mammoth pumps with a pumping capacity of 32 to 35 m³ per minute. In the case of very strong water inflows in deep pits, swamping is carried out intermittently: First, swamping up to an existing midsole or a new midsole to be created, and a permanent dewatering is set up there. The pumps hanging in the shaft and the stationary dewatering pumps pump the water above ground into this dewatering. Another possibility is to install a stage in the shaft, on which the drainage system is then installed. The advantage of intermediate water retention is that the hanging pumps have to work with a lower pressure.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. Joachim Huske: The coal mine in the Ruhr area. 3rd edition, self-published by the German Mining Museum, Bochum, 2006, ISBN 3-937203-24-9 .
  3. Mining dictionary. Johann Christoph Stößel, Chemnitz 1778.
  4. ^ Report on the mining industry . Bey Siegfried Leberecht Crusichs, Leipzig 1772, p. 176.
  5. Lutz Kunde, Peter Eysel: Garzweiler II opencast mine - central component of lignite in the Rhineland. In: Mining Museum Wurmrevier e. V. (Ed.): Anna Blatt . No. 25, Alsdorf 2006, pp. 6-19.
  6. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  7. ^ Matthias Maetschke: Condemnation of the wrongdoers to mining . Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2016, ISBN 978-3-16-154284-8 , p. 145.
  8. ^ Georg Agricola: Twelve books on mining and metallurgy . In commission VDI-Verlag GmbH, Berlin.
  9. ^ A b c d Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962.
  10. ^ A b Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining . Second volume, third and fourth increased and improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 1923, p. 605.
  11. ^ Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science . Second volume, eighth and ninth completely revised edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1958, p. 547.

Web links