SMAD protein

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SMAD proteins are a group of intracellular proteins that transmit extracellular signals of the TGF-β family from the TGF receptors into the cell nucleus , where they then activate the transcription of certain genes .

properties

The name is derived from the homologous gene of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , MAD ( mothers against decapentaplegic ) and the gene for the protein Sma ( small body size ) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans .

Classes

  • The receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD, SMAD1-3, -5, -8, -9 )
  • The common-mediator -SMAD4 (co-SMAD), which interacts with R-SMAD
  • The antagonistic or inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD), SMAD-6 and SMAD-7 , which block the activation of R- and Co-SMAD

See also

credentials

  1. ↑ CH Heldin, K. Miyazono, P. ten Dijke: TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteins In: Nature. 390 (6659), December 1997, pp. 465-471. doi: 10.1038 / 37284 . PMID 9393997 .
  2. ↑ L. Attisano, JL Wrana: Mads and Smads in TGF beta signaling. In: Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10 (2), April 1998, pp. 188-194. doi: 10.1016 / S0955-0674 (98) 80141-5 . PMID 9561843 .
  3. ^ J. Massagué: TGF-beta signal transduction. In: Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67, 1998, pp. 753-791. doi: 10.1146 / annurev.biochem.67.1.753 . PMID 9759503 .
  4. ↑ L. Attisano, JL Wrana: Signal transduction by the TGF-beta superfamily. In: Science. 296 (5573), May 2002, pp. 1646-1647. doi: 10.1126 / science.1071809 . PMID 12040180
  5. ^ M. Whitman: Smads and early developmental signaling by the TGFbeta superfamily. In: Genes Dev. 12 (16), August 1998, pp. 2445-2462. doi: 10.1101 / gad.12.16.2445 . PMID 9716398 .
  6. ↑ JL Wrana: Crossing Smads ". In: Sci. STKE. (23), Mar 2000, S. RE1. Doi: 10.1126 / stke.2000.23.re1 . PMID 11752591 .
  7. ^ Gene name - Mothers against DPP. Interactive Fly, Drosophila. Society for Developmental Biology
  8. ↑ JW Wu, M. Hu, J. Chai, J. Seoane, M. Huse, C. Li, DJ Rigotti, S. Kyin, TW Muir, R. Fairman, J. Massagué, Y. Shi: Crystal structure of a phosphorylated Smad2. Recognition of phosphoserine by the MH2 domain and insights on Smad function in TGF-beta signaling. In: Mol. Cell. 8 (6), December 2001, pp. 1277-1289. doi: 10.1016 / S1097-2765 (01) 00421-X . PMID 11779503 .
  9. ^ Y. Shi, A. Hata, RS Lo, J. Massagué, NP Pavletich: A structural basis for mutational inactivation of the tumor suppressor Smad4. In: Nature. 388 (6637), July 1997, pp. 87-93. doi: 10.1038 / 40431 . PMID 9214508 .
  10. ↑ F. Itoh, H. Asao, K. Sugamura, CH Heldin, ten Dijke P, Itoh S: Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling through negative regulation of inhibitory Smads. In: EMBO J. 20 (15), August 2001, pp. 4132-4142. doi: 10.1093 / emboj / 20.15.4132 . PMC 149146 (free full text). PMID 11483516 .