SPEARpesticides

Typical flowing water in the agricultural area

Spearpesticides (after engl .: Spe cies A t R isk) is a biological indicator system which comprises the pesticide contamination of streams based on the composition of the Invertebratengemeinschaft indicated.

functionality

The approach uses species whose occurrence correlates with the pesticide load in the corresponding waters based on measured ecological properties ( English traits) . Important properties are, in addition to the direct sensitivity to pesticide pollution measured in laboratory tests, the generation time (species with rapid development can compensate for losses due to pollution), the respective life cycle of the species (some species do not occur in the water during periods of highest pollution) and the ability to spread (rapidly colonizing species make up for losses quickly). SPEARpesticides reacts specifically to exposure to pesticides and is only influenced to a small extent by other environmental factors. The SPEARpesticides indicator value was divided into pollution classes according to the quality classes of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) .

SPEARpesticides was developed and updated for water bodies in Germany and for the first time makes it possible to identify the specific effects of pesticides on a large number of water bodies. SPEARpesticides has been adapted and validated for water bodies in other regions worldwide:

Europe: Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Switzerland
Australia
Russia
Mesocosms

calculation

Concept of SPEARpesticides

SPEARpesticides can assess exposure and effects of pesticides. The calculation is based on monitoring data from the invertebrate community, such as those recorded for the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) . A simplified version of SPEARpesticides was included in the ASTERICS software for calculating the ecological quality of running waters. A more detailed assessment is possible using the freely available SPEAR Calculator. The databases and calculation methods stored in the SPEAR Calculator are up-to-date, and the user can also make important additional settings. SPEARpesticides calculates the percentage of abundance of sensitive species in a community. The ecological properties that characterize a species as sensitive include its physiological sensitivity, speed of development, ability to migrate and the likelihood of exposure. The SPEARpesticides indicator value at a sample site is calculated as follows:

{\ displaystyle SPEAR _ {\ text {pesticides}} = {\ frac {\ sum _ {i = 1} ^ {n} \ log (x_ {i} +1) y} {\ sum _ {i = 1} ^ {n} \ log (x_ {i} +1)}}}

with = number of taxa; = Abundance of taxon i; when taxon i is classified as SPEAR sensitive; if taxon i is classified as SPEAR-insensitive. ${\ displaystyle n}$ ${\ displaystyle x_ {i}}$ ${\ displaystyle y = 1}$ ${\ displaystyle y = 0}$

Web links

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c M. Liess, PC von der Ohe: Analyzing effects of pesticides on invertebrate communities in streams. In: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 24, (4), 2005, pp. 954-965.
^ M. Liess, R. Schäfer, C. Schriever: The footprint of pesticide stress in communities - species traits reveal community effects of toxicants. In: Science of the Total Environment . 406, 2008, pp. 484-490, doi: 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2008.05.054 .
↑ MA Beketov, K. Foit, RB Schäfer, CA Schriever, A. Sacchi, E. Capri, J. Biggs, C. Wells, M. Liess: SPEAR indicates pesticide effects in streams - Comparative use of species- and family-level biomonitoring data. In: Environmental Pollution. 157, 2009, pp. 1841-1848.
↑ Saskia Knillmann, Polina Orlinskiy, Oliver Kaske, Kaarina Foit, Matthias Liess: Indication of pesticide effects and recolonization in streams . In: Science of The Total Environment . tape 630 , July 15, 2018, ISSN 0048-9697 , p. 1619–1627 , doi : 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2018.02.056 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed September 24, 2019]).
↑ JJ Rasmussen, US McKnight, MC Loinaz, NI Thomsen, ME Olsson, PL Bjerg, PJ Binning, B. Kronvang: A catchment scale evaluation of multiple stressor effects in headwater streams. In: Science of the Total Environment. 442, 2013, pp. 420-431.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d R. Schäfer, PC von der Ohe, J. Rasmussen, B. Kefford, M. Beketov, R. Schulz, M. Liess: Thresholds for the effects of pesticides on invertebrate communities and leaf breakdown in stream ecosystems. In: ES&T. 46, 2012, pp. 5134-5142.
^ S. Burgert, R. Schäfer, K. Foit, M. Kattwinkel, M. Metzeling, R. MacEwand, BJ Kefford, M. Liess: Modeling Aquatic Exposure and Effects of Insecticides - Application to South-Eastern Australia. In: Science of the Total Environment. 409, 2011, pp. 2807-2814.
↑ RB Schäfer, B. Kefford, L. Metzeling, M. Liess, S. Burgert, R. Marchant, V. Pettigrove, P. Goonan, D. Nugegoda: A trait database of stream invertebrates for the ecological risk assessment of single and combined effects of salinity and pesticides in South-East Australia. In: Science of the Total Environment. 406, 2011, pp. 484-490.
^ M. Schletterer, L. Füreder, VV Kuzovlev, MA Beketov: Testing the coherence of several macroinvertebrate indices and environmental factors in a large lowland river system (Volga River, Russia). In: Ecological Indicators. 10 (6), 2010, pp. 1083-1092.
^ M. Liess, M. Beketov: Traits and stress - keys to identify community effects of low levels of toxicants in test systems. In: Ecotoxiccology. 20 (6), 2011, pp. 1328-1340.

[Eins-1] M. Liess, PC von der Ohe: Analyzing effects of pesticides on invertebrate communities in streams. In: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 24, (4), 2005, pp. 954-965.

[Zwei-2] M. Liess, R. Schäfer, C. Schriever: The footprint of pesticide stress in communities - species traits reveal community effects of toxicants. In: Science of the Total Environment . 406, 2008, pp. 484-490, doi: 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2008.05.054 .

[Drei-3] MA Beketov, K. Foit, RB Schäfer, CA Schriever, A. Sacchi, E. Capri, J. Biggs, C. Wells, M. Liess: SPEAR indicates pesticide effects in streams - Comparative use of species- and family-level biomonitoring data. In: Environmental Pollution. 157, 2009, pp. 1841-1848.

[4] Saskia Knillmann, Polina Orlinskiy, Oliver Kaske, Kaarina Foit, Matthias Liess: Indication of pesticide effects and recolonization in streams . In: Science of The Total Environment . tape 630 , July 15, 2018, ISSN 0048-9697 , p. 1619–1627 , doi : 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2018.02.056 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed September 24, 2019]).

[Vier-5] JJ Rasmussen, US McKnight, MC Loinaz, NI Thomsen, ME Olsson, PL Bjerg, PJ Binning, B. Kronvang: A catchment scale evaluation of multiple stressor effects in headwater streams. In: Science of the Total Environment. 442, 2013, pp. 420-431.

[Fünf-6] R. Schäfer, PC von der Ohe, J. Rasmussen, B. Kefford, M. Beketov, R. Schulz, M. Liess: Thresholds for the effects of pesticides on invertebrate communities and leaf breakdown in stream ecosystems. In: ES&T. 46, 2012, pp. 5134-5142.

[Sechs-7] S. Burgert, R. Schäfer, K. Foit, M. Kattwinkel, M. Metzeling, R. MacEwand, BJ Kefford, M. Liess: Modeling Aquatic Exposure and Effects of Insecticides - Application to South-Eastern Australia. In: Science of the Total Environment. 409, 2011, pp. 2807-2814.

[Sieben-8] RB Schäfer, B. Kefford, L. Metzeling, M. Liess, S. Burgert, R. Marchant, V. Pettigrove, P. Goonan, D. Nugegoda: A trait database of stream invertebrates for the ecological risk assessment of single and combined effects of salinity and pesticides in South-East Australia. In: Science of the Total Environment. 406, 2011, pp. 484-490.

[Acht-9] M. Schletterer, L. Füreder, VV Kuzovlev, MA Beketov: Testing the coherence of several macroinvertebrate indices and environmental factors in a large lowland river system (Volga River, Russia). In: Ecological Indicators. 10 (6), 2010, pp. 1083-1092.

[Neun-10] M. Liess, M. Beketov: Traits and stress - keys to identify community effects of low levels of toxicants in test systems. In: Ecotoxiccology. 20 (6), 2011, pp. 1328-1340.