Sefuwa
The Sefuwa , sometimes also written Sayfuwa , Sayfawa or Saifawa , are a dynasty that ruled over Kanem from 1068 , then Kanem-Bornu and finally Bornu until 1846 in the Lake Chad area.
history
Name and origin
The royal chronicle of Kanem-Bornu, the Dīwān has the order: Sef, Abraham (Arabic: Ibrāhīm), Dugu. The namesake was, according to recent research probably Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279). This was apparently remembered under his Sumerian king title sipa "shepherd". Therefore the correct name of the dynasty is also Sefuwa and not Sayfuwa or Sayfawa (after Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan).
State foundation by the Duguwa
After the collapse of the Assyrian Empire in 612 BC Groups of refugees from Syria-Palestine came to the area east of Lake Chad and founded the state of Kanem there. From the following list of rulers of the Dīwān, some conclusions can be drawn about the ethnic composition of the Duguwa (actually: Sefuwa-Duguwa). The name Dugu indicates that the Duguwa were led by former deported Babylonians .
The Sefuwa came to power
In the course of Islamization, the actual Sefuwa under Hume displaced the Duguwa from 1068 and established their dynastic rule over the great Chad Empire. Due to the name of the dynasty's founder, the full name of the dynasty is Sefuwa-Humewa. Since the 13th century at the latest, Sef was identified with the pre-Islamic Yemeni hero Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan due to the similarity of the name . Because of this erroneous equation, the dynasty name is often also given as Sayfuwa or Sayfawa .
Rule of the Sefuwa
The Sefuwa ruled over Kanem in the first period, then over Kanem and Bornu and after their expulsion from Kanem by the Bulala only over Bornu and other vassal states west and south of Lake Chad. The history of the Sefuwa-Humewa is largely identical to that of the kingdom of Kanem-Bornu .
Fall of the Sefuwa
The fall of the sayfawa dynasty was at the beginning of the 19th century by the Fulani - Jihad initiated. After the fall of their capital, Birni Gazargamo , the Sefuwa called in 1808 the hard-working scholar al-Amīn al-Kānemī for help. The Fulani succeeded in becoming master, but at the same time he held onto the newly won power. The Sefuwa were thus more and more marginalized. In a last desperate act, Ibrahim ibn Ahmad allied himself with the Sultan of Wadday in 1846 . But the plot was exposed and all members of the Sefuwa who fell into the hands of al-Kanemi were executed. It is unknown whether there are still descendants of the Sefuwa today.
Tables
| Name of the king | Historical name and date | identity |
|---|---|---|
| (1) Sef | Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279) | Founder of the Akkadian Empire |
| (2) Ibrahim | Abraham | Legendary progenitor of Israel |
| (3) Dugu | Hammurabi (1792-1750) | Founder of the Babylonian Empire |
| (4) Fune | Pûl / Tiglat-Pilesar III. (744-727) | Founder of the New Assyrian Empire |
| (5) Arsu | Rusâ / Ursâ I (730-713) | 6. King of Urartu |
| (6) Katur | Kutir-Nahhunte (1185-1155) | 85. King of Elam |
| (7) Buyuma | Bunuma-Addu (ca.1770) | 1. King of Nairi |
| (8) Bulu | Nabopolassar (626–605) | Founder of the New Babylonian Empire |
| (9) Arku | Assur-uballit II. (612-609) | Last king of Assyria |
| (10) Shu | Sammuramat / Semiramis (810-807) | Regent during the youth of Adad-nirari III. (810-783) |
| Unknown | ? | ? |
| Kak.r.ah | Local king around 870 CE | |
| Unknown | ? | ? |
| (11) Abd al-Jalil / Selma | First Duguwa King (1064-1068) | Kanems first Muslim king |
Sefuwa-Humewa kings in Kanem
| Hume or Hummay | 1068-1080 |
| Dunama I. | 1080-1133 |
| Bir I. or Biri I. | 1133-1160 |
| Abdullah I or Bikorom | 1160-1176 |
| Abd al-Jalil II. Or Salmama II. | 1176-1203 |
| Dunama II. Dibbalemi | 1203-1242 |
| Kaday I. | 1242-1270 |
| Biri I. or Kashim Biri | 1270-1290 |
| Ibrahim I. | 1290-1310 |
| Abdallah II | 1310-1328 |
| Salmama II. | 1328-1332 |
| Kuri I. or Kuri Ghana | 1332-1333 |
| Kuri II or Kuri Kura | 1334-1335 |
| Muhammad I. | 1334-1335 |
| Idris I. Nikale | 1335-1359 |
| Dawud I. Nikale | 1359-1369 |
| Uthman I. | 1369-1373 |
| Uthman II | 1373-1375 |
| Abu Bakr Liyatu | 1375-1376 |
| Umar I. | 1376-1381 |
Sefuwa kings in Bornu
| Said | 1381-1382 |
| Kaday II. | 1382-1383 |
| Bir III. | 1383-1415 |
| Uthman III. Kaliwama | 1415-1415 |
| Dunama III. | 1415-1417 |
| Abdallah III. Dakumuni | 1417-1425 |
| Ibrahim II | 1425-1433 |
| Kaday III. | 1433-1434 |
| Ahmad Dunama IV. | 1434-1438 |
| Muhammad ii | 1438 |
| Amr | 1438-1439 |
| Muhammad III. | 1439 |
| Ghaji | 1439-1444 |
| Uthman IV. | 1444-1449 |
| Umar II | 1449-1450 |
| Muhammad IV | 1450-1455 |
| Ali Ghajideni | 1455-1487 |
| Idris Katarkamabi | 1487-1509 |
| Muhammad V. Aminami | 1509-1538 |
| Ali II | 1538-1539 |
| Dunama V. Ngumarsmma | 1539-1557 |
| Abd Allah | 1557-1564 |
| Aissa Kili | (legendary) |
| Idris Alauma | 1564-1596 |
| Muhammad VI. Bukalmarami | 1596-1612 |
| Ibrahim III. | 1612-1619 |
| Umar (Hajj) | 1619-1639 |
| Ali II | 1639-1677 |
| Idris IV | 1677-1696 |
| Dunama VII. | 1696-1715 |
| Hamdan (Hajj) | 1715-1729 |
| Muhammad VII | 1729-1744 |
| Dunama VIII. Gana | 1744-1447 |
| Ali IV. | 1747-1792 |
| Ahmad | 1792-1808 |
| Dunama IX. Lefiami | 1808-1816 |
| Muhammad VIII. | 1816-1820 |
| Ibrahim IV. | 1820-1846 |
| Ali V. Dalatumi | 1846 |
bibliography
- Heinrich Barth: Chronological table, containing a list of the Sefuwa. In: Travel and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. Volume II, New York, 1858, pp. 581-602.
- Dierk Lange: Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu. Wiesbaden 1977.
- The Founding of Kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca.600 BCE: Documentary, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence (PDF; 1.6 MB), Boston, Working Papers in African Studies N ° 265.
- Nehemia Levtzion and John Hopkins: Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History , Cambridge 1981 (unchanged new edition Princeton 2000).
- Abdullahi Smith: The early states of the Central Sudan. In: J. Ajayi, M. Crowder (Eds.): History of West Africa. Volume I, 1st ed., London, 1971, pp. 158-183.
- Louis Brenner: The Shehus of Kukawa. Oxford 1973.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lange: Founding (PDF; 1.6 MB), pp. 13-14.
- ^ Smith: Early states. Pp. 164-165.
- ↑ Lange, Founding (PDF; 1.6 MB), pp. 27–31.
- ^ Levtzion / Hopkins: Corpus 188 (Ibn Sa'id).
- ↑ Lange: Founding (PDF; 1.6 MB), pp. 13-16.
- ^ Levtzion / Hopkins: Corpus , 21.
- ^ Data from Lange, Diwan pp. 65–77, and id., Kingdoms p. 552.
- ^ Data from Lange, Diwan pp. 77–94, and id., Kingdoms p. 552.
- ↑ From now on dates follow Lange, Diwan , 80–94.