Sloboda (type of settlement)

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German Sloboda in Moscow in the 17th century

Sloboda (after Russian свобода ( swoboda ; plural), "freedom" of Liberty, German and Sloboda ) refers to a rural settlement in medieval Russia , the space formed within a city and the residents of forced labor were free, or in the only free farmers were allowed to settle.

History of Russia

The Slobodas emerged as separate districts in the sense of free settlements from the 13th century .

These settlements were built for the cultivation of new land on behalf of the prince or the landlord, for example by monasteries, or on the initiative of a group of new settlers. The slobody had judicial and administrative privileges and were temporarily exempt from taxes.

The height of the Sloboda was reached in the 15th century. In tsarist Russia in the 16th and 17th centuries, the character of the Slobodas changed. They were no longer a privileged rural settlement, but predominantly commercial or professional communities close to the city, which belonged to the suburban or suburban settlements ( Possad ), but were not subject to their tax liability. The inhabitants of Sloboda did trade, handicrafts and other trades like the inhabitants of the lower town, but had tax advantages over them and therefore had a competitive advantage. In a Sloboda there were mostly members of a professional branch who either settled on tax-free land (the church and monasteries) or produced and provided services specifically for the state and the court of the tsars.

History Ukraine

In Ukraine, the term Sloboda is associated with villages inhabited by Cossacks who were previously organized in regiments in Little Rus . These regiments were exempt from all taxes. In right-wing Ukraine, Polish landowners lured Ukrainians with the promise behind the Dnepr to grant them advantages and exemption from all duties and taxes. At the same time, Ukrainians from left-bank Ukraine emigrated from the oppression of Poland to Tsarist Russia in the early 17th century . The Russian government settled them on the Belgorod Defense Line on the southern border. This served to create Sloboda-Ukraine . There are still indications of settlements in south-east Ukraine, for example in the Bachmuter province and on the banks of the Siverskyi Donets and Luhan .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Slobode Ukraine . In: The Penny Cyclopædia of The Society for The Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . Volume XXII: Sigonio Steam Vessel . Charles Knight and Co., London 1842, p. 141–142 (English, books.google.fr ).
  2. ↑ Ye. E. Blomkvist, N. Miklukho-Maklaya: Крестьянские постройки русских, украинцев и белоруссов (поселения, поселения, жилищн и хозрыйсения) . In: Восточнославянский этнографический сборник Тока. tape XXXI . Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow 1956, p. 35 (Russian, vk.com [PDF; accessed on July 30, 2018] Arch constructions of Russian Ukrainians and Belarusians (settlements, apartments and household buildings)).
  3. ^ Anton Friedrich Büsching: D. Anton Friderich Büschings… new description of the earth . Johann Carl Bohn, Hamburg 1770, p. 805 ( books.google.de ): "[...] 130 towns and 11 Sloboden [...]"