Spartacus Union (1974–1981 / 82)

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The Spartacusbund (short name: SpaBu , also: Spabu and SpB ) and the groups that preceded it, IKD / KJO, were one of the two largest Trotskyist groups with several hundred members - alongside the group International Marxists (GIM) and their youth organization RKJ - in the 1970s Groups in the FRG and West Berlin. The SpaBu existed from 1974 to the early 1980s.

Background: IKD and KJO

The prehistory of the SpaBu can be traced back to the end of 1968 / beginning of 1969, when a movement called the Bolshevik Fraction (Bolfra) formed within the “German section of the Fourth International” , which advocated an end to the entry policy and the establishment of a youth organization and not only accused the majority of its own section, but also that of the Fourth International as a whole, of departing from the “proletarian class line”. In a process that has not yet been clarified in detail by research between the weekend of Pentecost 1969 and January 1971, the division of the - de facto : West German / West Berlin - section of the IV International and the departure of the SpaBu forerunners from the IV. International:

In the context of these factional disputes, which ultimately led to the split, an initiative committee for a revolutionary youth organization was founded in West Berlin as early as 1968 . In the period that followed, Spartacus groups also formed outside of West Berlin. At the beginning of November 1970 a working conference was held in Dortmund, to which the "Spartacus organizations West Berlin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhine-Main and Oldenburg as well as the International Communists of Germany" had invited.

The International Communists of Germany (IKD) emerged in June or July 1969 from the Bolshevik faction within the "German Section of the Fourth International" and thus brought the historical name of the section , which was no longer used during the Entrismus- Zeit, into political life Life back. The relationship between the IKD and the youth organization to be founded was seen in such a way that the latter would therefore have to play a special role in building a new Communist Party, since the "young sections of the class [of the wage earners]" are not "disillusioned" by the demoralize [end] and atomize [end] “The effects of fascism, social democracy and Stalinism as well as the post-war economic boom are shaped, but at the same time the IKD is needed as a corrective against the danger of shortening the work of the KJO to mere youth interests.

30 to 40 local groups were represented at the Dortmund conference, while the aforementioned “Spartacus organizations” were already “regional intermediate bodies”. The formal founding of the " Communist Youth Organization Spartacus " then took place on 27./28. March 1971 in Frankfurt. The programmatic platform adopted there ended with five membership conditions: “1. Recognition of the need for the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat . 2. Recognition of the need for the centralized revolutionary class leadership in the form of the Communist Party. 3. Recognition of the necessity of building the Communist Youth Organization as a strategic moment in the process of creating the party of the German proletariat. 4. Recognition of the need for anti-bureaucratic struggle in the trade unions. 5. Recognition of the need for a systematic struggle against all varieties of social democracy and Stalinism ”.

The Spartacus League

The foundation and history of the SpaBu

The Spartacusbund finally came into being about three years later, at a conference on February 2nd and 3rd, 1974, as a reunification of the communist organization (until 1973: youth organization ) Spartacus and the Spartacus-BL (Bolshevik-Leninists). The Spartacus-BL had split off from the KJO in December 1971 - because of criticism of the youth orientation of the KJO and claiming to be bigger than the rest of the KJO - until it then - as I said - in February 1974 under the new name for the reunification. The IKD probably went in the second half of 1973 - perhaps on the occasion of the 17./18. In November 1973 the Communist Youth Organization Spartacus was renamed Communist Organization Spartacus (KO) - into the KO.

  • The founding conference ("fusion conference") of the Spartacusbund immediately commissioned the central committee elected there to prepare a 2nd federal conference.
  • The 3rd Federal Conference of SpaBu took place on June 29 and 30, 1974.
  • Another SpaBu conference - according to Nitzsche (2009, 58) the fifth - took place in 1975.
  • The next - according to Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1633: fourth (possibly a confusion of "IV." And "VI.") - Federal Conference took place in 1977.

From 1975 the SpaBu lost numerous members (see below). In 1977 there was even a “cold dissolution” attempt by the majority in the Central Committee at the time. Ultimately, however, the Spabu was continued by the New Course tendency (under the old name). Finally, in October 1981, it was decided to dissolve the Spabu, but apparently only at the beginning of 1982 .

Political positions and election tactics

The political positions and practices of the Spartacus League and its predecessors have apparently not yet been systematically examined - in comparison with other Trotskyist and non-Trotskyist groups.

The electoral behavior of these groups is better captured in the available secondary literature: “The IKD had called for an election boycott in the 1969 Bundestag elections, but had, together with the KJO Spartacus, started to do so since 1970, and the DKP and SEW had a 'critical ' in regional and Bundestag elections Support 'allow', so z. For example, SEW in the Berlin House of Representatives election in 1971, in which SEW achieved 2.3% of the vote , and the DKP for the 1972 Bundestag election. The Spartacus-BL also “gave the DKP 'critical electoral support' at times”.

The federal conference of the Spartacusbund in June 1974 came to the conclusion that the economic crisis at that time required "not the establishment of a trade union, but a political alternative to be at the center of political agitation". Against this background, the SpaBu tried to form revolutionary alliances for the state elections in 1975 in Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia and West Berlin. After this failed, the SpaBu called on Rhineland-Palatinate to abstain from voting and ran for the Bremen citizenship elections in 1975 and the Baden-Württemberg state elections in 1976 . After the SpaBu received only 117 and 94 votes in these elections, it called for the 1980 Bundestag elections to vote invalid.

Publications

The KJO, the IKD and the Spartacus-BL were already active as a journalist. The KJO and its predecessors published 44 regular issues and some special issues of the Spartacus magazine from 1969 to 1973 , with the subtitle varying. The IKD published the theoretical journal The Fourth International from July 1970 to June 1973 .

The Spartacus-BL also claimed the magazine title Spartacus from the end of 1971 to the end of 1973. In February 1974, a special edition of the magazine was published jointly by KJO and Spartacus-BL.

After that, the Spartacusbund sat from 1974 to 1981 - with a new number count - the publication of Spartacus continued. 65 regular and numerous special editions are proven.

In addition, in 1974/75 and from 1978 to 1980 - temporarily together with the Austrian International Communist League (IKL) - he published the theoretical organ Results & Perspectives . Ten regular editions and 2 special issues were published. As early as 1972 the Spartacus-BL and the group Proletarian Internationalism (Trotskyists) - split off from the KJO - each published a booklet with the titles Results & Perspectives of the International Labor Movement and Results & Perspectives .

In addition, from 1970 to 1973 - partly by the KJO alone, partly by the KJO and IKD together - five volumes of the brochure series on the strategy and tactics of the international labor movement were published.

In addition, the Spartacusbund “continuously published pamphlets and newspapers in several cities. B. in Frankfurt, where the class struggle aimed at postal workers appeared from 1977 to 1980, and in West Berlin, where the Red Dialog - newspaper of the Spartacusbund for colleagues in the public service was published from 1974 to 1976; In 1974 an edition of Revolutionary Alternative was published in Kiel . "

According to the Internet project Materials for the Analysis of Opposition (MAO), the Hoechst Analysis was “probably the most important company newspaper of the Spartacus Association” and the Red Retort was also of “great importance” for employees at the Darmstadt-based companies Merck and Röhm.

Members and sympathizers

Grouping and year Number of members
IKD 1969 approx. 30 members
KJO Fall 1970 30 - 40 local groups with a focus on West Berlin as well as in the Weser / Ems, Rhine / Ruhr and Rhine / Main areas
IKD turn of the year 1970/71 approx. 70 members
KJO turn of the year 1970/71 approx. 100 (cf. the footnote on the SpaBu number for 1974) plus those KJO founding members who later (1974) did not participate in the founding of the SpaBu
KJO in late 1971 "Over 300 members and 300 sympathizers"
Spartacus-BL Sept 1973 Loss of members u. a. to the European Labor Committees
SpaBu 1974 300 - 400 members / around 30 company groups
SpaBu 1975 Loss of "most of the proletarian comrades in the Ruhr area" who were constituted as a communist workers' group
SpaBu 1976 Separation of a group that from 1977 onwards the magazine “ Commune . Revue des revolutionary Marxism ”published.
SpaBu 1977 Separation of the internationalist tendency
SpaBu probably 1977 or 1978 Breakaway of the Essen tendency
SpaBu 1979/80 "The Spartacusbund should only have about 20 to 30 members today."

According to SpaBu's own statements, of the SpaBu members in 1974: 40% were under 21 years of age; 50% from 21 to 25 years and 10% older. Share of women: 25%. 50% "working" (of which: 50% manual workers; 30% apprentices, 20% salaried employees; 40% secondary school leaving certificate; 40% secondary school leaving certificate; 20% high school diploma); approx. 30% students and 5% pupils; 15% soldiers and community service. 35% of the unionized members are officials there. For every 3 members there would be 2 membership candidates. Almost 30% of the members were co-founders of the KJO in 1970/71.

International contacts

At the Congress for a “Red Europe” of the Fourth International in 1970 in Brussels, the IKD appeared “together with the support groups of the Spartacist League / US ”. This contact remained in the next few years - with the Spartacus-BL - so that guest delegates of the Spartacist League (USA) and its sister organization Austrian Bolsheviks / Leninists also took part in the founding congress of the Spartacus League. However, at its founding conference, the Spartacist League accused the Spartacist League of “astonishing belief in letters and political ignorance”. A short time later, German Spartacist sympathizers founded the Trotskyist League of Germany (TLD) (see below).

Around 1976 the Spartacusbund participated together with its "Austrian sister organization" International Communist League (IKL), the Italian Frazione Marxista Rivoluzionaria (FMR), founded in 1976, among other things from splits from the Austrian section of the IVth International GRM and the “English” International Communist League (ICL) in the Necessary International Initiative (NII), which aims to build a “new international”. The project only led to the fact that in 1977 the Austrian (Group Commune) and German (Communist League) sympathizers of the FMR split off from the IKL and SpaBu and were now constituted as sections of the FMR.

Spin-offs and successor organizations

In 1974 former members of Spartacus-BL and the SpaBu (?) Founded the Trotskyist League of Germany (TLD) (today: Spartakist Workers' Party Germany) . In January 1976 a tendency calling itself Trotskyist faction was expelled from the SpaBu; From 1977 she published the magazine “ Commune ”, the zero number of which is available in digital form on the internet. Today's left-wing party politician Harald Wolf belonged to the circle around this magazine, which did not consist exclusively of former SpaBu members.

In 1977 the Internationalist tendency split off from the SpaBu, from which a part then founded the Communist League (KL), which eventually joined the Democratic Socialists . From 1977 to 1982 the KL published the newspaper Revolution alone and at a certain point in time together with the Austrian group Commune, which in turn is a spin-off from the Austrian sister organization of SpaBu, took over the publication of the aforementioned magazine of the same name, which continued until autumn / winter 1980 appeared.

There were also transfers to GIM.

After the dissolution of the SpaBu, part of its former West Berlin local group worked “from 1982 to 1990 as International Communists West Berlin (later Revolutionary Socialists) with the October newspaper ”.

The Workers' Power Group (GAM) also emerged from a remnant of the disbanded Spartacus League.

literature

  • Brandt , Peter / Rudolf Steinke : The group of international Marxists , in: Richard Stöss (ed.), Political parties handbook . The parties of the Federal Republic of Germany 1945 to 1980. Vol. 3, Westdeutscher Verlag: Opladen, 1986 ( ISBN 3-531-11838-2 ), 1599 - 1647 (the manuscript of the handbook was published according to FN 1 on p. 1599 “ Completed in the summer of 1979 and supplemented in some essential places in the fall of 1980 ”; explanations on the SpaBu and its predecessor and successor organizations can be found on pp. 1605 f., 1627, 1628 - 1634).
  • Flakin , Wladek: Behind the stage of the revolt , in: Class against Class No. 6, April - May 2013 (PDF; 5.1 MB), 30 - 31 and 33 - 38; html version with subsequent "correction": klassegegenklasse.org
  • Gellrich , Günther: The GIM . On the politics and history of the group of international Marxists 1969–1986. New ISP Verlag: Cologne, 1999 ( ISBN 3-929008-14-9 ); on the internet: rsb4.de (the SpaBu and the IKD, newly founded in 1969, and the KJO are mentioned on pp. 20, 41–43, 69; cited here after the page numbering in the internet version).
  • Langguth , Gerd: Protest movement at the end . The New Left as the vanguard of the DKP, v. Hase & Köhler: Mainz, 1971 ( ISBN 3-7758-0827-2 ) (mention of IKD, KJO and Spartacusbund on pp. 150–153 and 160–167).
  • ders .: The protest movement in the Federal Republic of Germany 1968–1976 , Science and Politics: Cologne, 1976 ( ISBN 3-8046-8520-X and ISBN 3-921352-18-5 ) (Find explanations on SpaBu and its predecessor and successor organizations on pp. 215, 223–232).
  • Lubitz , Wolfgang / Petra Lubitz : Trotskyist Serials Bibliography , 1927 - 1991 - with Locations and Indices -. KG Saur, Munich / London / New York / Paris, 1993, ISBN 3-598-11157-6 ; “Slightly revised” on the internet: trotskyana.net (in the .pdf file, several parts are joined together, each with a new beginning page number; the consecutive page number in the PDF as well as the page number in the text shown are cited; 3.7 MB).
  • Nitzsche , Frank: “From the shadows into the range of the cameras” . The development of Trotskyist organizations in Germany, Austria and Switzerland with special consideration of the influence of the new social movements from 1968 until today, Diss. Uni Siegen, 2009; on the internet at: dokumentix.ub.uni-siegen.de (information on SpaBu and its predecessor and successor organizations can be found on pp. 41 f., 45 f., 54–60, 68, 70, 71 [FN 402] , 72 [FN 415], 80, 96 [FN 601], 97, 116, 150, 171, 192, 193 [FN 1178], 195 f., 199, 202, 203, 218 [FN 1353], 225, 251 , 258).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 80 and book catalog of the Rote Antiquariats ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.8 MB), p. 109 and 107, no. 628; Book advertisement at www.abebooks.de ; Book advertisement at www.antiquariat.de ; blog on the history of SpaBu  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and comment at www.linkezeitung.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rotes-antiquariat.de@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / spabudoku.blogsport.eu  
  2. ^ Gellrich 1999, 42.
  3. ↑ [1]
  4. ^ "The IKD / KJO were probably the strongest Trotskyist organization in the years 1969–71" (Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1631). "In the mid-1970s [... the] Spartacusbund [...] was the second largest Trotskyist organization in the FRG" (Gellrich 1999, 42).
  5. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 45; Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1605 f .; Gellrich 1999, 42
  6. ↑ From the available secondary literature it is not clear whether the split actually took place as early as Whitsun 1969 (some explicit formulations in the literature) or at Whitsun and in the weeks afterwards two competing groups emerged under the continuing umbrella of the section (which is specifically described Suggesting facts). For example: a) Date of the split: Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1606: "Whitsun 1969 it formally came to a split" / Gellrich 1969, 20: "the German section of the IV. International [...] Whitsun 1969 in IKD and GIM divided ” versus the founding of the IKD - unlike that of the GIM - only took place in June (Langguth 1976, 215; Nitzsche 2009, 45, 55) or July (Langguth 1971, 151; 1976, 232, FN 97) 1969; "The IKD [...] was recognized by this [the IV. International] as a 'minority tendency of the German section'" (Nitzsche 2009, 55) - d. i.e. the common section still existed (albeit with a majority and a minority tendency). b) Renaming or re-establishment? The common Pentecostal Conference had a majority the adoption of the name "GIM" decided (Nitzsche 2009, 45) versus : The foundation of the GIM was only " in connection made at the conference" (Langguth 1971, 152 - Hv added.). "The GIM [was] recognized as an official section by the IV. International" (Gellrich 1999, 20) versus : Was recognition even necessary if it was just a matter of renaming and not of a new establishment? Or does the talk of "recognition" indicate that it was not a matter of renaming by majority decision, but rather a separate new establishment? c) The role of the IV. International in this : When did the recognition as a GIM (as the sole !) Section ( without IKD as an internal minority tendency) take place: Immediately after the Whitsun Conference in 1969 (which is indicated by formulations that allow recognition without further dating Breath with the Pentecost conference) or rather only "after a few months" (Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1606) or maybe even after the final break between the IKD and the IV. International in January 1971 (cf. Nitzsche 2009, 55)?
  7. ↑ "Although the name of the German section, the GIM actually only existed in the Federal Republic of Germany and in West Berlin." Even before the GIM was founded, the secondary literature analyzed did not mention any activities of the "German Section of IV International" in the GDR (unlike for the Soviet occupation zone [Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1601]).
  8. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 45; Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1605.
  9. ↑ Langguth 1971, 162
  10. ↑ Spartacus No. 18, Dec. 1970, 3.
  11. ↑ Langguth 1976, 215; Nitzsche 2009, 45, 55
  12. ↑ Langguth 1971, 151; 1976, 232, FN 97
  13. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1606, 1628 - without mentioning the date of foundation
  14. ↑ "The German section of the IV. International [used] the name IKD no longer [...] and [shielded] itself in its renunciation of the 'open work' not only against the police, but also against the left public [...] “(Nitzsche 2009, 184). "Peter Brandt, who was recruited as a pupil for the group in 1966, confirms that it did not even have a name and was only called the 'German section of the Fourth International'" (Flakin 2013, 34 at FN 26). Cf. Gellrich 1999, 20: “In […] the 'Extra-Parliamentary Opposition' (APO) […] its influence [that of the members of the Fourth International] remained small. The reason given for this was that the Fourth International did not appear as an independent grouping. ”This was the result of the“ conspiratorial ”manner in which the members of the Fourth International“ joined the great traditional (social democratic or social democratic) groups. Communist) workers' parties ”should take place in the phase of the entry policy (Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1691 f.).
  15. ↑ Langguth 1971, 163 f .; see. Langguth 1976, 225 f.
  16. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979, 1628 f.
  17. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1628; Nitzsche 2009, 60.
  18. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1628; see. Langguth 1971, 162: Foundation of the Spartacus regional committee North Rhine-Westphalia on April 26, 1970
  19. ↑ See the imprint on page 19 of Spartacus booklet 21 from April 1971.
  20. ↑ ibid., 6 and from the secondary literature: Langguth 1971, 162 and 1976, 224 f. (stating the exact date); Brandt / Steinke 1979/80 and 1628; Nitzsche 2009, 56: “End of March”.
  21. ↑ Spartacus No. 21, April 1971, 6. Cf. from the secondary literature: Langguth 1971, 162 and 1976, 224 f.
  22. ↑ Langguth 1976, 223; 228 (stating the exact date); see. Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1631 f. and Nitzsche 2009, 57 (both: "February")
  23. ↑ Langguth 1976, 226 f .; see. Brandt / Steinke 1979, 1631; Nitzsche 2009, 56
  24. ^ According to Nitzsche 2009, 57, FN 298, Norbert Madloch writes ( On the discussion of the ideology, politics and practice of left-wing opportunism in the FRG and in West Berlin , Diss. Academy for Social Sciences: Berlin / GDR, 1976, vol. 2, p. 96 ) "From the dissolution of the IKD into the KJO in the summer of 1973". So June 20 would be the earliest date for such a “dissolution” of the IKD into the KJO (or later the KO).
  25. ↑ Langguth 1976, 227
  26. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 199, but see also 57, FN 298. After that, only an “almost insignificant” “remainder” remained of the IKD (Langguth, 1976, p. 232, footnote 97; cf. the von Nitzsche 2009, 57 publication named under FN 305).
  27. ↑ Langguth 1976, 228.
  28. ↑ Langguth 1976, 229.
  29. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 59: "The majority in the Central Committee, the Internationalist Tendency (IT), declared the Spartacusbund to be incapable of action and factually dissolved in May 1977 " (Hv. Added).
  30. ↑ Nietzsche 2009, 59: “The New Course (TNK) and Essen tendencies reacted to the 'cold dissolution' of the Spartacusbund by IT with the proposal to re-establish the Spartacusbund. But before one could agree on a platform, the two tendencies fell apart. The Spartacusbund was continued by the New Course tendency, which was essentially based on groups in Berlin, Frankfurt, Oldenburg, Munster and a few scattered members. ”(For these two tendencies, see Nitzsche on the same page above). See also Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1633: "Shrinking process [...] which culminated in a split into several groups at the 4th Federal Conference in 1977".
  31. ^ Nietzsche 2009, 59.
  32. ↑ See also Gellrich 1999, 43, FN 99: "The Spartacusbund dissolved in the early 80s."
  33. ↑ Not always clear and consistent information can be found in Langguth 1971, 151 - 153; 160-167; 1976, 215, 224-232; Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1605 f., 1629 - 1634; Gellrich 1999, 42; Nietzsche 2009, 45, 55 - 59, 68 [FN 378], 203 [at FN 1255], 253, 258.
  34. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1633.
  35. ↑ Langguth 1971, 166
  36. ↑ Langguth 1976, 232
  37. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1633.
  38. ↑ Langguth 1976, 230.
  39. ↑ Langguth 1976, 231 f .: "Since [...] the SPD and the trade union bureaucracy reacted to the crisis and the CDU offensive with a sharp 'rightward shift', the question of a political class alternative to the SPD is more urgent than ever for the working class." Hv. Added).
  40. ↑ Langguth 1976, 232
  41. ↑ Gellrich 1999, 41, 43
  42. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 58
  43. ^ Gellrich 1999, 43.
  44. ↑ Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 138 / Main Part, 113, no. 1654th
  45. ↑ Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 147 / Main Part, 122, no. 1790th
  46. ↑ Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 138 / Main Part, 113, no. 1656th
  47. ↑ ibid. And no. 1654
  48. ↑ Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 138 f. / Main Part, 113 f., No. 1657.
  49. ↑ Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 57 / Main Part, 32, No. 0472 and 0474
  50. ↑ The group later participated (either independently or now as part of the Spartacus-BL) in founding the SpaBu. See Nitzsche 2009, 57, FN 206.
  51. ↑ Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 57 / Main Part, 32, No. 0471 and 0475.
  52. ↑ Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 57 / Main Part, 32, No. 0092.
  53. ↑ See also: Nitzsche 2009, 60.
  54. ↑ ibid .; for further periodicals of the SpaBu, its predecessor and successor organizations, see the corresponding entries in the Index of Organizations by Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev.
  55. ↑ mao-projekt.de
  56. ↑ mao-projekt.de
  57. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1606 (“two equally strong groups”); see. Langguth 1971, 152 (“numerically equally strong and clear majority decisions could not come about” - source citation) + Nitzsche 2009, 46 and Gellrich 1999, 20 (about the GIM: “no more than 30 members” - literature citation). Cf. also Flakin 2013, 34 at FN 28 with further evidence ("about 50 members" - probably in relation to the entire "German section of the Fourth International" ["the Trotskyists"])
  58. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979, 1628
  59. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 56, FN 289; see. but Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1628: "hardly ever exceeded 50 members".
  60. ↑ That means: The members that the Spartacus-BL in September 1973 u. a. loses to the European Labor Committees (Nitzsche 2009, 56). The approx. 20 members of the Kompass-Tendenz (which left the KJO in autumn 1973 and part of which joined the Socialist Bureau in 1975 ) + the approx. 20 members of the Revolutionary Realists tendency who propagated a new SPD-Entrismus and practiced (for both tendencies: Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1632; Nitzsche 2009, 57) + a "small part" of the Spartacus BL members who participated in the founding of the TLD in 1974 instead of the SpaBu foundation (Nitzsche 2009, 57 f.) + Presumably a certain number of individuals who had left KJO or Spartacus-BL in the meantime (between the KJO and SpaBu founding) or at least did not participate in the founding of the SpaBu.
  61. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1628
  62. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 56.
  63. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1632; Gellrich 1999, 42 and so probably the graphic in Nitzsche 2009, which indicates around 400 for 1974 and around 275 for 1975-1977.
  64. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1633.
  65. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 60; see. Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1633 (without a clear date; Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 49 / Main Part, 24, No. 0348 [only for the journal; the subtitle was later changed to "Zeitschrift des revolutionär Marxismus"])
  66. ^ Nitzsche 2009, 59, 116.
  67. ↑ Nitzsche 20009, 59 (for an unspecified point in time between the founding and after the split of the internationalist tendency and before October 1981): “The Spartacusbund now no longer had 30 members”.
  68. ↑ Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1633.
  69. ↑ Based on the description in Langguth 1976, 229; see. Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1632.
  70. ↑ See Langguth 1971, 160; 1976, 215.
  71. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 55, FN 284.
  72. ^ Nitzsche 2009, 56, 57
  73. ↑ Langguth 1976, 228; Nitzsche 2009, 57, FN 307 and 309.
  74. ↑ Langguth 1976, 228.
  75. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 41: "[N] ach 1976"; On the other hand fifthinternational.org : “In March 1976 a number of organizations to the left of the USFI launched the Necessary International Initiative. [...]. These groups were the FMR […], the Spartacusbund (BRD), and two Austrian groups who were later to become the IKL. In September 1976 the British I-CL joined the NIL. "
  76. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 96; on the status of the GRM as a section of the Fourth International: ibid., 86.
  77. ↑ See Nitzsche 2009, 59, 97, 116.
  78. ↑ Both this organization and the Austrian ICL are to be distinguished from the international Spartacist tendency (iSt) - renamed in 1989 to the International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) (Nitzsche 2009, 42 [FN 175], 198 [on the ÖBL]).
  79. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 41 f .; see. Brandt / Steinke 1979/80, 1633 f.
  80. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 116, p. a. 97.
  81. ↑ Nitzsche 2009, 57 f.
  82. ↑ de-reification
  83. ↑ Commune! Zero number, summer 1977, 4: “The Spartacus League, to which most of the comrades of the Commune! belonged to, […] ”- Hv. of the adjective "most" added.
  84. ^ Nitzsche 2009, 59, 116 - without mentioning the journal Commune! (see immediately in the main text of the article), but with mention of Harald Wolf . Cf. also Gellrich 1999, 43, who depicts the Communist League as a direct split from the SpaBu. But he also mentions the later dissolution of the KL into the Democratic Socialists.
  85. ↑ Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 119 / Main Part, 94, no. 1346th
  86. ^ Gellrich 1999, 43.
  87. ^ Nitzsche 2009, 97.
  88. ↑ “The Commune! was published by a group of former members of the Spartacusbund (Spabu), which later called itself the Communist League and was absorbed into the Democratic Socialists (DS) in 1982 ... some ex-members of the group are still active in revolutionary contexts, others are, for example, in the PDS Berlin Made a career ”( entdingisierung.wordpress.com ). The latter is also likely to have been aimed at Harald Wolf . - Initially, no institutional editor was named in the journal; later the Communist League and the Austrian group Commune were named as editors (Lubitz / Lubitz 1993rev, pdf, 49 / Main Part, 24, no. 0348).
  89. ↑ Gellrich 199, 43: “To deal with the Spabu, the 'Was tun' also published declarations by former Spabu members who joined the GIM (cf. wt no. 136, December 9, 1976 and wt no. 236, 16 November 1978). "
  90. ^ Nitzsche 2009, 59
  91. ^ Nietzsche 2009, 68.
  92. ↑ Peter Brandt himself was involved in the founding of the SpaBu predecessor KJO (Nietzsche 2009, 55, FN 278; Flakin 2013, 34, 37 at FN 30 and 62; Langguth 1971, 151) and remained a member until 1973 (see the "Corrections" there at the end of the article: Klassenegegenklasse.org ). The fact that Peter Brandt, the KJO co-founder, and Peter Brandt, the co-author of the article mentioned, are the same person can be seen from the literature mentioned above, where he is referred to as the son of Willy Brandt, and the entry here About the Hagen professor Peter Brandt, who is also referred to as the son of Willy Brandt and on whose university homepage linked in the local entry the manual contribution by Brandt and Steinke is recorded in the list of publications.