Spinneret

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Spinnerets for the production of polyamide carpet yarn
Schematic representation of a spinning head with spinnerets

A spinneret serves as the actual filament-forming element in the spinning machines for the manufacture of man-made fibers, both in melt spinning and in dry and wet spinning .

properties

Spinnerets are often round or square plates made of glass, metal or ceramic with several nozzle openings of the same size . Sometimes there are also little hats (cylinders). They divide the amount of spinning material delivered consistently by the spinning pump under pressure and per unit of time into fine spinning melt or spinning solution jets. These are solidified into filaments by the immediately subsequent chemical or physical post-treatment methods, which vary depending on the respective spinning process.

The thickness of the nozzle plates is between 8 and 25 mm for melt spinning, and only between 0.8 and 2 mm for spinning spinning solutions where the feed pressure is lower. The materials for spinnerets must be adapted to the prevailing process conditions of the spinning process. For wet spinning with temperatures ≤ 90 ° C, e.g. B. Gold-Platinum-Iridium; Nickel, tantalum or glass are possible, for dry spinning with temperatures ≤ 350 ° C stainless steel with the material number 1.4580 and tantalum, for melt spinning with temperatures ≤ 400 ° C stainless steel with the material number 1.4580 or 1.4571 and ≤ 1400 ° C platinum rhodium . The number of holes and thus the individual filaments produced per nozzle is between 1 ( monofilament ) and 250,000 ( multifilament ). The cross-sections of the nozzle bores are usually round, but various other profiles also exist. The cross-section of the filaments is determined by the cross-sectional shape of the nozzle hole. The flow rate and the bore diameter influence their fineness . The cross-sectional shape and the fineness have a significant influence on the processing and usage properties of the filaments and the staple fibers produced from them. The bore diameter for round holes is between 0.03 and 1 mm.

history

The first use of a spinneret was described by Louis Schwabe in 1842 at a meeting of the British Association in Manchester , when he presented glass threads drawn from glass melt through fine openings. The endeavor from the first third of the 19th century to produce artificial silk ( rayon ) from solutions of natural substances gave the French Ozanam the idea in 1862 to produce filaments of any length from the dissolution of natural silk by using spinning openings of various sizes to carry out the activity of the Imitates silkworm. He expressed the general principle of man-made fiber production with spinnerets. There was no technical realization. The first industrial production of artificial silk began at the end of the 19th century. Initially, glass capillaries were used for this. Then glass nozzles were used, whose susceptibility to breakage and insufficient precision led to quality problems of the viscose silk . Therefore, in 1908, the artificial silk manufacturer Wilhelm Reents commissioned the watchmaker Christian Friedrich Eilfeld to develop and manufacture metal spinnerets, the first of which were produced in the same year. The patent for the manufacture of the nozzle was granted on June 30, 1909 with the German Imperial Patent No. 221572, owned by Reents and Eilfeld. Because of its high resistance to corrosion, Eilfeld used platinum as the nozzle material. Because of the high price of platinum, cheaper metals such as gold-platinum, silver-palladium and gold-platinum-rhodium alloys were soon sought. Although the prices of such precious metal nozzles were very high, it was reported that there were synthetic fiber manufacturers who allegedly sank used spinnerets in the sea so that no one could find out what type of nozzle opening, which was decisive for the quality of the spun filaments, had been produced with.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Franz Fourné: Synthetic fibers - manufacturing, machinery and equipment, properties - Manual for system planning, machine design and operation. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-446-16058-2 , p. 329.
  2. ↑ Hans-J. Koslowski: Chemical fiber - Lexicon. 12th, expanded edition. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-87150-876-9 , p. 205
  3. ↑ Zakhar Aleksandrovič Rogowin: Man-made fibers: chemistry - technology. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart / New York 1982, ISBN 3-13-609501-4 , p. 23
  4. ↑ Zakhar Aleksandrovič Rogowin: Man-made fibers: chemistry - technology. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart / New York 1982, ISBN 3-13-609501-4 , p. 20
  5. ↑ Franz Fourné: Synthetic fibers - manufacturing, machinery and equipment, properties - Manual for system planning, machine design and operation. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-446-16058-2 , p. 329/330.
  6. ↑ Hans-J. Koslowski: Chemical fiber - Lexicon. 12th, expanded edition. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-87150-876-9 , p. 205
  7. ↑ Franz Fourné: Synthetic fibers - manufacturing, machinery and equipment, properties - Manual for system planning, machine design and operation. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-446-16058-2 , p. 333 ff.
  8. ↑ Hermann Klare: History of chemical fiber research. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1985, p. 20.
  9. ↑ Valentin Hottenroth: The artificial silk. Second expanded edition, Verlag S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1930, p. 8.
  10. ↑ History of Metallpinndüse - Spinndüesenmuseum Gröbzig. Retrieved November 23, 2015 .
  11. ↑ Hermann Klare: History of chemical fiber research. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1985, p. 376.
  12. ↑ Thomas Stranz: Enka workers prevent the removal of 45,000 spinnerets. Freie Presse , May 14, 2009, accessed January 20, 2015 .
  13. ↑ Hermann Klare: History of chemical fiber research. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1985, p. 373.