Tunnel (tunnel construction)
As studs is referred to in the tunnel walk underground passageways, which are either horizontal or slightly inclined. The term stollen is derived from the Old High German word stollo , which means something like support or pillar.
Basics
In its beginnings, the construction of galleries and tunnels was derived from mining , later a technical science of its own developed. When building the tunnel , additional underground cavities are created to create the actual tunnel . These can act as auxiliary structures for the tunnel. Your tasks are very different. There are tunnels that are used to explore the subsoil, other tunnels are needed to create lateral access to the planned tunnel route and thus have the possibility of an intermediate attack. Still other tunnels are used to ventilate the tunnel during the construction phase. The respective tunnels are created using different tunneling processes and methods. As a rule, tunnels only have one opening to the surface. Compared to tunnels, galleries have a smaller cross-section. Depending on the purpose, this is between four and 30 square meters.
Different studs
Depending on the intended use, there are differently named studs. There are directional tunnels , access tunnels , sloping tunnel , connecting tunnels and ventilation tunnels .
Straightening tunnel
Alignment tunnels, also known as pilot tunnels , are used to explore the deeper lying areas. They serve to investigate the geological conditions, the water flow and the stability of the mountains. Rock-mechanical investigations can be carried out via alignment tunnels. The tunnel builder uses it to gain knowledge about the deformation and stress redistribution in the mountains. In addition, the mountains can be drained through a straightening tunnel. If transverse deviations occur on the last section of the tunnel when driving into the tunnel, these can be corrected using an alignment tunnel. Alignment tunnels can be created in the ridge area of the tunnel, then they are called ridge tunnels . Are directional tunnels created in the sole area of the tunnel they are called Sohlstollen . The bottom tunnel is the preferred and more advantageous tunnel, since with this type of construction the tracks for the building material can also be laid. This also makes it easier for the excavated material to be loaded onto the trolley and transported away . Alignment tunnels, which are created in the lower lateral area of the tunnel cross-section, are called side tunnels by the tunnel builder . Alignment tunnels that are created in the upper side area are called combat tunnels .
Alignment tunnels should have a minimum cross-section of four square meters. With this size, a tunnel builder can comfortably walk upright. If the rock is stable, alignment tunnels can also be built with a cross-section of nine square meters. There is the possibility of driving one or two alignment galleries for a tunnel. As a rule, however, the tunnel builder begins with two straightening tunnels. These are driven from the tunnel ends. The straightening tunnel is driven in such a way that it leads the tunnel by around 200 meters. This means that there is no mutual hindrance between the individual construction teams. In addition, you can react much better to any difficulties that arise due to the nature of the mountain.
Other studs
Access tunnels , also known as window tunnels, are tunnels that provide access to people during the entire tunnel construction. They are also used to supply the tunnel with equipment and materials. The tunnel builder calls inclined tunnels tunnels that have an incline of more than 10 degrees to a maximum of 45 degrees. Ventilation tunnels are used to supply air in the tunnel. They are driven parallel to the actual tunnel. If test tunnels are driven outside the tunnel cross-section and these are only used for exploration, they can also be used as ventilation tunnels and for draining off the tunnel water. Ventilation tunnels can also serve as service tunnels.
Creation
A gallery is created in different ways. Smaller tunnels with a cross-section of up to nine square meters are created without special tools. Depending on the surrounding rock , these tunnels are excavated by mining . Tunnels with a larger cross-section are created using different tunneling methods. Aids such as drill jigs and scaffolding are used in these tunnels . The slope of the tunnel is usually less than ten degrees. As proppant come tubbing , rock bolts and shotcrete used. The thickness of the wall depends on the purpose of the tunnel. In the case of tunnels that have to be maintained over the long term, the tunnel builder must ensure that the tunnels are constructed accordingly.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Wolfgang R. Dachroth: Handbook of building geology . 3rd expanded and revised edition, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 978-3-642-62537-4 , pp. 18, 457–458.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Michael Möser, Jochen Quade, Eberhard Baumann, Hans-Peter Otto, Gerhard Müller, Harald Schlemmer, Hans Werner: Handbuch Ingenieurgeodäsie . Engineering, Wichmann Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-87907-296-5 , pp. 204-206.
- ↑ a b c d e Gerhard Girmscheid: Construction operation and construction methods in tunnel construction . Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-433-01852-1 , pp. 10, 54, 30.
- ↑ a b c d e f Walter Zanoskar: Gallery and tunnel construction . An introduction to the practice of modern rock cave construction, second revised edition, Springer-Verlag, Vienna 1964, pp. 2-5.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Dimitrios Kolymbas: Geotechnical tunnel construction and tunnel mechanics . Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1998, ISBN 978-3-540-62805-7 , pp. 3–4, 26, 47.
- ↑ a b c d Gerhard Girmscheid: Building processes and construction methods of tunnel construction . 3rd revised and expanded edition, Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-433-03047-9 , pp. 398-399.
- ↑ a b c d K. Szechy: Tunnel construction . Springer Verlag, Vienna New York 1969, pp. 47, 48, 210, 211, 515, 516, 547, 572-574.