Sultanate of Aceh
The Sultanate of Aceh , official name Keurajeuën Aceh Darussalam ( Jawi : كاورجاون اچيه دارالسلام), was a sultanate in the north of the island of Sumatra and existed between 1511 and 1903. In the 17th century it was the most important Muslim trading power in the Malay Archipelago , as well as a significant Center of Islamic Mysticism . The Sultan's court was in Kutaraja, today's Banda Aceh .
Political history
The Sultanate of Aceh on the northern tip of Sumatra began in 1511 as a competitor to the Sultanate of Johor . Under the rule of Sultan Iskandar Muda (ruled 1607–1636) it reached its greatest extent. Iskandar Muda established ties with the Ottoman Empire, from which he received military aid, temporarily wrested control of the Strait of Malacca from the Portuguese and gained parts of the east coast of Sumatra. A historical peculiarity of Aceh is that between 1641 and 1699 four women ruled one after the other as sultans. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the sultanate experienced a gradual but steady decline. Between 1873 and 1903 it was conquered by the Dutch in the Aceh War .
Aceh as a center of Islamic mysticism in the 17th century
As a result of the intensive pilgrimage activities of its scholars, Aceh had a particularly close relationship with the holy places in Mecca and Medina from the very beginning . This also brought Sufi teachings to Aceh. Two different disciplines, called Wudschūdiyya and Schuhūdiyya, faced each other in the 17th century. Wudschūdiyya is the name given to the mystical teaching that was based on the panentheistic teaching of Ibn ¡ Arab∆. She assumed a “unity of being” ( Wahdat al-wudschūd ) between creator and creation. The followers of the Schuhūdiyya, however, rejected this doctrine and said that the "unity of being" assumed by the Wudschūdiyya was only a subjective perception ( schuhūd ). The teaching they advocated was therefore referred to as the “unity of perception” ( wahdat asch-shuhūd ).
The events at the ruler's court were also determined by the disputes between the two parties. While Iskandar I. Muda promoted a representative of the Wudschūdiyya with Shams ad-Dīn Samatrānī and installed him as senior kadi , came under his successor Iskandar II (r. 1637-1641) the Wudschūdiyya opponent Nūr ad-Dīn ar, who came from Gujarat in India -Rānīrī for the train. He had the books of the Wujūdiyya followers Hamza Fansūrī and Samatrānī burned in front of the Baiturrahman mosque in Aceh in the presence of the sultan and executed their disciples. Ar-Rānīrī considered the Vujūditic doctrine of the aʿyān thābita , the archetypes of existing things that should be latent from the beginning in the self-reflection of Absolute Existence, to be heresy. He believed that the vujudis, by ascribing a separate existence to the aʿyān thābita , violated the Islamic dogma of tawheed . In August 1643, after Iskandar's II widow Safiyat ud-Din had taken control of the sultanate, the other party again gained political upper hand. Saifurrijal, a Minangkabau scholar who was a disciple of Kamaluddin who was executed by ar-Rānīrī, became the main religious adviser in Aceh, and ar-Rānīrī fell out of favor. Saifurrijal himself fell out of favor some time later and was executed in 1653 on charges of conspiring against the sultana.
Finally, in the 1660s, the Sheikh ʿAbd ar-Raʾūf as-Singkilī, a member of the Schattāriyya order, was appointed to the upper kadi and mufti at the court of Aceh to settle the dispute between the Wujūdīs and the Schuhūdīs. He advocated a middle path that took the religious peculiarities of the region into account. The Schattāriyya order goes back to the Gujarat Sheikh Sibghatullāh (d. 1606), who founded the order in India at the end of the 16th century and then internationalized it through a mission in the Hejaz . He played a very important role in spreading Islam in Sumatra.
List of the Sultans of Aceh
- Ali I. Mughayat Syah approx. 1511-1530
- Saladin 1530-1539
- Aladdin I. Ri'ayat Syah al-Qahhar 1539-1571
- Husain Ali Ri'ayat Syah 1571-1579
- Muda 1579
- Zainul abidin 1579
- Sri Alam 1579
- Aladdin II. Mansur Syah 1579–1585 / 6
- Buyong 1585 / 6-1589
- Ri'ayat Syah al-Mukammal 1589-1604
- Ali II. 1604-1607
- Iskandar I. Muda 1607-1636
- Iskandar II. 1637– February 15, 1641
- Safiyat ud-Din Taj al-Alam bint Iskandar Muda 1641-1675
- Naqiyat ud-Din Nur al-Alam 1675–1678
- Zaqiyat ud-Din Inayat Shah 1678–1688
- Kamalat Shah Zinat ud-Din 1688–1699
- Badr 1699-1702
- Perkara Alam 1702-1703
- Djamal 1703-1726
- Djawhar 1726
- Shams 1726-1727
- Aladdin III Ahmad 1727-1735
- Aladdin IV. Shah Jahan 1735-1760
- Mahmud Shah I 1760–1781
- Badruddin 1764-1785
- Sulayman Shah I. 1775-1781
- Aladdin V. Muhammad 1781-1795
- Aladdin VI Djawhar 1795–1815, † 1824
- Sharif Saif 1815-1818
- Aladdin VI Djawhar 1818-1824
- Muhammad I. Shah 1824-1838
- Sulayman Shah II. 1838-1857
- Mansur Shah 1857-1870
- Mahmud Shah II. 1870–1874
- Muhammad II. Daoud Shah 1874-1903
literature
- Azra, Azyumardi: The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast-Asia. Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle-Eastern ʿUlamāʾ in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Sydney 2004.
- Hadi, Amirul: Islam and State in Sumatra. A Study of Seventeenth Century Aceh . Leiden 2004.
- Kam Hing Lee: The sultanate of Aceh: relations with the British, 1760-1824 . Kuala Lumpur 1995.
- Denys Lombard: Le Sultanat d'Atjéh au temps d'Iskandar Muda, 1607–1636 . Paris 1967.
- Paul Wormser: Le Bustan al-Salatin de Nuruddin ar-Raniri. Reflections on the rôle culturel d'un étranger dans le monde malais au xvii e siècle. Association Archipel, Paris, 2012. pp. 51-54.
supporting documents
- ^ Cf. Wormser: Le Bustan al-Salatin de Nuruddin ar-Raniri. 2012. p. 43.
- ↑ Cf. AH Johns: The Gift addressed to the spirit of the prophet . Canberra 1965. pp. 113f.
- ^ Cf. Wormser: Le Bustan al-Salatin de Nuruddin ar-Raniri. 2012. p. 44.
- ^ Cf. Wormser: Le Bustan al-Salatin de Nuruddin ar-Raniri. 2012. p. 45.