Susceptibility-weighted imaging

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MR venography : axial minimum intensity projection of a suszeptibilitätsgewichteten receiving the cerebral veins; the veins are shown dark.

The susceptibility -weighted imaging ( SWI ) ( English susceptibility-weighted imaging , from the Latin susceptibilitas "acceptance ability ") is an imaging procedure in medical diagnostics, especially in the area of ​​the venous vessels. It is based on the physical property of magnetic susceptibility .

SWI is a magnetic resonance imaging process. It uses flow-compensated, spatially high-resolution 3D gradient echo sequences (GRE sequence) in single and multi-echo technology using the different magnetic susceptibilities of the various tissues. These differences lead to a phase difference ( phase ) and cause a signal loss ( magnitude ). No contrast agent is used. With the combination of the signal and phase images, an enhanced contrast signal image is generated, which can show venous blood, (brain) bleeding and iron deposits such as hemosiderin .

The imaging of venous blood with SWI is dependent blood oxygen than Imaging ( BOLD , blood-oxygen-dependent level hereinafter). Venous (deoxygenated) blood is less diamagnetic than arterial (oxygenated) blood. The method was therefore originally called BOLD, but was later replaced by the more general term susceptibility-weighted imaging. The term BOLD venography is sometimes still in use today. Due to the BOLD effect, the venous vascular system can be displayed well with SWI.

SWI can be used in traumatic brain injury, high-resolution brain venographs, and other clinical applications. The underlying principle was first published in 1997 and comprehensively described in 2001.

Clinical application

Comparison of an axonal injury recorded with conventional GRE (left) and with SWI (right) at 1.5 T
Comparison of a cerebral haemorrhage recorded with conventional GRE (left) and with SWI (right) at 1.5 T

The clinical application is being researched in various areas of medicine: head trauma , stroke , cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), vascular malformation ( Sturge-Weber syndrome , cerebral venous sinus thrombosis), multiple sclerosis , Alzheimer's disease and brain tumor .

equipment

SWI is integrated in newer devices from different manufacturers and can, in principle, be used independently of the device with field strengths of 1.0 T, 1.5 T, 3.0 T and higher by using appropriate software.

Historical development

In 1997 the basic method of removing interfering phase difference artifacts while preserving the local phase difference of interest was developed. In 2001 the principle on which SWI is based was comprehensively described by E. Mark Haacke and Jürgen R. Reichenbach.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Denk C, Rauscher A: Susceptibility weighted imaging with multiple echoes . In: J Magn Reson Imaging . 31, No. 1, January 2010, pp. 185-91. doi : 10.1002 / jmri.21995 . PMID 20027586 .
  2. ↑ a b JR Reichenbach, R Venkatesan, DJ Schillinger, DK Kido, EM Haacke: Small vessels in the human brain: MR venography with deoxyhemoglobin as an intrinsic contrast agent . In: Radiology . 204, No. 1, July 1997, pp. 272-7. PMID 9205259 .
  3. ↑ a b JR Reichenbach, EM Haacke: High-resolution BOLD venographic imaging: a window into brain function . In: NMR Biomed . 14, No. 7-8, 2001, pp. 453-67. doi : 10.1002 / nbm.722 . PMID 11746938 .
  4. ↑ EM Haacke, S Mittal, Z Wu, J Neelavalli, YC Cheng: Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 1 . In: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 30, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 19-30. doi : 10.3174 / ajnr.A1400 . PMID 19039041 .
  5. ↑ S Mittal, Z Wu, J Neelavalli, EM Haacke: Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2 . In: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 30, No. 2, February 2009, pp. 232-52. doi : 10.3174 / ajnr.A1461 . PMID 19131406 .
  6. ^ E. Mark Haacke: Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI) (PDF; 5.1 MB) 2006. Retrieved on April 3, 2010.
  7. ↑ KA Tong, S Ashwal, BA Holshouser, LA Shutter, G Herigault, EM Haacke, DK Kido: Hemorrhagic shearing lesions in children and adolescents with posttraumatic diffuse axonal injury: improved detection and initial results . In: Radiology . 227, No. 2, May 2003, pp. 332-9. doi : 10.1148 / radiol.2272020176 . PMID 12732694 .
  8. ↑ M Hermier, N Nighoghossian: Contribution of susceptibility-weighted imaging to acute stroke assessment . In: Stroke . 35, No. 8, August 2004, pp. 1989-94. doi : 10.1161 / 01.STR.0000133341.74387.96 . PMID 15192245 .
  9. ↑ EM Haacke, ZS DelProposto, S Chaturvedi, V Sehgal, M Tenzer, J Neelavalli, D Kido: Imaging cerebral amyloid angiopathy with susceptibility-weighted imaging . In: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 28, No. 2, February 2007, pp. 316-7. PMID 17297004 .
  10. ↑ Juhász C, EM Haacke, J Hu, Y Xuan, M Makki, ME Behen, M Maqbool, O Muzik, DC Chugani, HT Chugani: Multimodality imaging of cortical and white matter abnormalities in Sturge-Weber syndrome . In: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 28, No. 5, May 2007, pp. 900-6. PMID 17494666 .
  11. ↑ M Kawabori, S Kuroda, Kudo K, S Terae, M Kaneda, N Nakayama, Y Iwasaki: Susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging Detects impaired cerebral hemodynamics in the superior sagittal sinus thrombosis - case report . In: Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) . 49, No. 6, June 2009, pp. 248-51. PMID 19556733 .
  12. ↑ EM Haacke, J Garbern, Y Miao, C. Habib, M Liu: Iron stores and cerebral veins in MS of studied by susceptibility weighted imaging . In: Int Angiol . 29, No. 2, April 2010, pp. 149-57. PMID 20351671 .
  13. ↑ EM Haacke, M Makki, Y Ge, M Maheshwari, V Sehgal, J Hu, M Selvan, Z Wu, Z Latif, Y Xuan, O Khan, J Garbern, RI Grossman: Characterizing iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions using susceptibility weighted imaging . In: J Magn Reson Imaging . 29, No. 3, March 2009, pp. 537-44. doi : 10.1002 / jmri.21676 . PMID 19243035 . PMC 2650739 (free full text).
  14. ^ R Chamberlain, D Reyes, GL Curran, M Marjanska, TM Wengenack, JF Poduslo, M Garwood, CR Jack: Comparison of amyloid plaque contrast generated by T2-weighted, T2 * -weighted, and susceptibility-weighted imaging methods in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease . In: Magn Reson Med . 61, No. 5, May 2009, pp. 1158-64. doi : 10.1002 / mrm.21951 . PMID 19253386 .
  15. ↑ V Sehgal, Z Delproposto, D Haddar, EM Haacke, AE Sloan, LJ Zamorano, G Barger, J Hu, Y Xu, KP Prabhakaran, IR Elangovan, J Neelavalli, JR Reichenbach: Susceptibility-weighted imaging to visualize blood products and improve tumor contrast in the study of brain masses . In: J Magn Reson Imaging . 24, No. 1, July 2006, pp. 41-51. doi : 10.1002 / jmri.20598 . PMID 16755540 .
  16. ↑ M Barth, Nöbauer-Huhmann IM, JR Reichenbach, Mlynárik V, A Schöggl, C Matula, S Trattnig: High-resolution three-dimensional contrast-enhanced blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance venography of brain tumors at 3 Tesla: first clinical experience and comparison with 1.5 Tesla . In: Invest Radiol . 38, No. 7, July 2003, pp. 409-14. doi : 10.1097 / 01.RLI.0000069790.89435.e7 . PMID 12821854 .
  17. ↑ SPIN software . Retrieved on April 3, 2010. A software for MRI DICOM data post-processing, including SWI processing.