Symptoms of schizophrenia according to Schneider

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In 1938 Kurt Schneider made a distinction between symptoms of first and second rank in schizophrenia . In Schneider's opinion, the symptoms of the first order allow a diagnosis of schizophrenia with a high degree of probability (but not with absolute certainty), provided that another cause (e.g. an organic disease or ingestion of a toxic substance) is excluded. The symptoms of the second order summarize all the other symptoms that can occur in schizophrenia. Their weight for diagnosis is less.

In the literature on dissociative identity disorder , Schneider's symptoms of the first order are cited as symptoms of dissociation in patients. They are much more common in patients with this diagnosis than in those diagnosed with schizophrenia (less than 90%). In a study of 30 people with dissociative identity disorder, they all had first-rate symptoms. This is confirmed by studies by Ross (1989) and Ross and Joshi (1992).

First-rate symptoms (first-rate symptoms)

  • Dialogic voices, commenting voices, sounding thoughts
  • bodily influencing experiences
  • Thought-in , thought-withdrawal , thought-spreading, will-influencing
  • Delusional perception (delusional importance is attached to real perceptions)
  • as well as everything made or influenced by others in the field of feeling, striving [of instincts] and volition

Second-rate symptoms (second-rate symptoms)

  • Other auditory hallucinations
  • Coenesthesia in the strict sense
  • Optical hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations, taste hallucinations
  • Simple personal relationship, crazy idea

See also

literature

  • Kurt Schneider: Clinical Psychopathology. , 8th edition, 1967
  • RP Kluft: First-rank symptoms as a diagnostic clue to multiple personality disorder. 1987, American Journal of Psychiatry, 144: pp. 293-298
  • CA Ross: Multiple personality disorder. Diagnosis, clinical features, and treatment. Wiley, New York 1989
  • CA Ross, S. Joshi: Schneiderian symptoms and childhood trauma in the general population. 1994, Comprehensive Psychiatry. 31 (2), pp. 269-273
  • Onno van der Hart, Ellert RS Nijenhuis, Kathy Steele: The persecuted self. Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic trauma. Junfermannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Paderborn 2008, ISBN 978-3-87387-671-2 (Notes on Schneider's symptoms can be found on p. 123 and p. 127)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Richard P. Kluft: First-rank symptoms as a diagnostic clue to multiple personality disorder . In: American Journal of Psychiatry . tape 144 , no. 3 , 1987, ISSN  0002-953X , pp. 293–298 , doi : 10.1176 / ajp.144.3.293 ( psychiatryonline.org [accessed April 15, 2019]).