Symptoms of schizophrenia according to Bleuler

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In 1911 Eugen Bleuler proposed the name schizophrenia for a group of mental disorders that Emil Kraepelin had previously summarized under the name Dementia praecox . The naming comes from the contemporary model of dissociation . Bleuler was the only university professor at the time to take over psychoanalysis from Sigmund Freud and used it to interpret many symptoms.

He differentiated between primary and secondary symptoms and between basic symptoms and accessory symptoms.

Primary and secondary symptoms

Primary symptoms Secondary symptoms
  • Confusion, symbolizations, affect disorders
  • Disturbances of memory and orientation
  • Automatisms
  • "Nonsense"
  • Delusional ideas
  • autism
  • Unpredictability
  • Abulie
  • Negativism
  • Hallucinations, stereotypes, catalepsy

Basic and accessory symptoms

Basic symptoms Accessory symptoms
  • A ssoziationstörungen (incoherence, thoughts lock)
  • A ffektivitätsstörungen (fears, Parathymie , emotional incontinence)
  • A mbivalence of feelings
  • A utism (loss of relationship with reality)
  • Disorders of will and action
  • Disturbances of the person
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusional ideas
  • Functional memory disorders
  • catatonia
  • Disorders of writing and language

In today's nomenclature, the basic symptoms essentially correspond to the negative symptoms, the accessory symptoms correspond to the positive symptoms. Bleuler had already anticipated today's research results to the effect that the negative symptoms essentially determine the course and prognosis. Course forms with predominantly positive / accessory symptoms usually have a better prognosis.

Memory aid

As a memory aid is spoken by the four major A (basic symptoms) Eugen Bleuler: A ssoziation, A ffektivität, A mbivalenz, A utismus.

See also