System model

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The system model is a nursing model developed in 1972 by nursing scientist Betty Neumann in the United States of America . Her focus is on prevention by promoting the defenses of those being cared for against stress, which, according to her theory, creates well-being. The foundations of this theory are based on Pierre Teilhard de Chardin , in gestalt therapy , the general adaptation syndrome and systems theory . In Neumann's model, the care recipients are called clients.

Neumann has established basic assumptions so that the client can achieve optimal well-being:

  • The client is an open system
  • Every system is unique, it is formed from common factors and behaviors
  • The human being is perceived as a whole that is in constant interrelation with his environment. This assumption ensures that the dignity of the individual is preserved and that no objectification takes place.
  • "[...] the client is understood as a composite of physiological, psychological, development-specific, sociocultural and spiritual variables that interact with each other and ideally behave harmoniously or stably with regard to the influences of internal and external stress factors."
  • Stressors can influence the individual in such a way that the system is threatened.
  • By reacting to the environment, the individual has formed a normal line of defense that ensures his usual well-being.
  • In addition to this line of defense, the individual also has "lines of resistance" which stabilize him and either establish or expand the usual level of well-being.
  • The nurses can maintain or expand the stability of the individual through preventions (= interventions).
  • "Optimal well-being represents the highest degree of system stability that can be achieved at a given point in time."

The task of the nursing staff is to assess the degree of stability (resistance to stressors) of the client, to assess both the existing and the effects of possible stressors. The aim must be to achieve and maintain the best possible well-being (health) or to improve the body's defenses.

literature

  • Afaf Ibrahim Meleis : Nursing Theory. Subject, development and perspectives of theoretical thinking in nursing Huber, 1999 ISBN 978-3456829647
  • Betty Neuman: Care and the system perspective . In D. Schaeffer, M. Moers, H. Steppe, A. Meleis (eds.): Pflegetheorien, examples from the USA Verlag Hans Huber, 2008 ISBN 978-3456845678 pp. 197-26

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Betty Neuman: Care and the system perspective . In D. Schaeffer, M. Moers, H. Steppe, A. Meleis (eds.): Pflegetheorien, examples from the USA Verlag Hans Huber, 2008 ISBN 978-3456845678 p. 200
  2. ^ Betty Neuman: Care and the system perspective . In D. Schaeffer, M. Moers, H. Steppe, A. Meleis (eds.): Pflegetheorien, examples from the USA Verlag Hans Huber, 2008 ISBN 978-3456845678 p. 204