Care model

As a care model , theoretical approaches are understood within professional health care, sick and elderly care that comprehensively describe and explain professional care and seek to delimit it as a discipline. The terms care theory and care model are often equated. A care model is a general and therefore quite abstract theory about care. This must be distinguished from the medium-range nursing theories, which serve to describe, explain or predict certain nursing problems or phenomena (e.g. the risk of falling or the risk of pressure ulcers). In principle, the concepts and ideas on which a care model is based are not bound to existing organizational structures and can be used in different care systems.

Task of a care model

A nursing model represents a theoretical frame of reference for nursing practice. It tries to define the tasks and activities of professional nurses, not least in contrast to medicine and lay care. It is important to note that care models are i. d. Usually do not limit yourself to describing care empirically. Rather, they also set out how it should be. Naturally, the personal values ​​and convictions of the author (s) of the respective care model, ie not least her personal view of people and the world, are naturally reflected in the should statements or regulations for “ideal” care.

Basics and similarities of conceptual care models

The care models usually contain statements on the points considered essential, the so-called metaparadigms of care, which include the person, health, environment and care. In nursing science , paradigm thinking is considered to have been overcome, but nursing models usually follow these central factors and combine them, although the weighting of the factors can differ significantly.

human

An essential factor within a care model is the person in need of care , who is the focus of care activities. Care models usually contain statements about the image of man , communication and / or the needs of what is cared for.

Surroundings

The patient's environment and the care environment are also an important factor within the various care models. Individual care models make particular reference to the psychosocial environment and the inclusion of environmental factors in the care process .

health and sickness

For all care models, the understanding of health and illness and their socio-cultural significance is an essential basis of the conception.

maintenance

Conceptual nursing models provide theoretical justifications and the description of the basic understanding of nursing itself; they describe, among other things, the orientation, orientation and degree of professionalism of the nursing staff. In some care models, the necessary personal prerequisites, social skills (soft skills) and the skills of the carers are also addressed.

Types of care models

Need models / life models

People develop the need, especially in deficit situations, to remedy the deficiency they have experienced. In needs models it is the task of the nursing staff to recognize and record these needs and to do away with this deficiency within the framework of the nursing possibilities and to satisfy the need. A needs-oriented model is, for example, the concept of activities and existential experiences in life developed by Monika Krohwinkel

Interaction models

The focus in the interaction model is on the action, reaction and interaction between patient and caregiver and their environment. The carer and the carer communicate the common goal, the necessary measures and the realization of goals. The transfer of the person in need of care into a state in which the adequate fulfillment of social roles is possible is understood as a central care task. One example is the interaction model for Imogene King .

Nursing outcome models

Nursing outcome models assume that illness should not be compensated for, but that health, independence and wellbeing should be promoted. For example, a harmonious balance should be created between well-groomed people and their environment. Further elements of the quality and result-oriented models can be the safety and economic efficiency of care, with special consideration of the ethical principles of care . The model of health care developed by Reinhard Lay serves as an example .

Humanistic models

These models are based on a phenomenological perspective that describes and analyzes certain aspects and phenomena of care. In some cases, care itself is viewed as a phenomenon. In this context, turning to the patient and his / her subjective perception is understood as a nursing care. The humanistic approach of the care models usually refers to a certain group of people, they can belong to a certain culture or suffer from a certain illness. An example of this model is the Humanistic Nursing Model by Josephine G. Paterson and Loretta T. Zderad .

Widespread care models

→ Main article : List of grooming models

After the fundamental considerations of Florence Nightingale at the beginning of the 20th century, the first needs care models emerged , which were formulated by Virginia Henderson and Hildegard Peplau in the 1950s and the pioneering care model of the life activities of Nancy Roper , Winifred Logan and Alison Tierney , which was formulated in the 1970s. Subsequently, other models were created that were influenced by this work. This includes the activities of daily living model by Liliane Juchli and the further developed concept of activities and existential experiences of life by Monika Krohwinkel.

Care models based on other focal points are, for example, the self-care deficit model according to Dorothea Orem , the psychobiographical care model according to Erwin Böhm and the Sunrise model by Madeleine Leiniger. For psychiatric care , in addition to Peplaus' concept of interpersonal relationships in care , the adaptation model developed by Callista Roy is also important.

See also

• History of nursing

literature

• Liliane Juchli ( founder ), Edith Kellnhauser (ed.): Thiemes care: experience professionalism. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-13-500010-9 .
• Susanne Schewior-Popp, Annette Lauber: Learning together - acting in a network: Curriculum for integrated nursing training. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-13-135351-1 .
• Grit Wurlitzer, Gisela Mötzing, Silke Arnold: Guide to care for the elderly. Elsevier, 2006, ISBN 3-437-46541-4 .
• Susanne Graudenz: The nursing process in the nursing documentation of hospitals - presentation of an instrument for assessment and exemplary study. Diplomica Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8366-5837-9 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Jacqueline Fawcett: Care models at a glance. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 1996, ISBN 3-456-82684-2 .
2. ↑ Jörg Hallensleben: Typologies of care models - discussion of their usefulness with special consideration of the care models of AI Meleis. ( Memento of the original from September 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Care and Society. 8th vol., No. 2, 2003, pp. 59-67. 
3. ↑ Pschyrembel care. 2nd Edition. Verlag de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-019021-2 .
4. ^ LO Walker, KC Avant: Theory building in nursing. Ullstein, Wiesbaden 1998, ISBN 3-86126-597-4 , p. 13.
5. ↑ Marit Kirkevold: nursing theories. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-541-18891-X , p. 24.
6. ↑ Jörg Hallensleben: Typologies of care models - discussion of their usefulness with special consideration of the care models of AI Meleis. 2003, p. 59.
7. ↑ Marit Kirkevold: nursing theories. 1997, p. 44 ff.
8. ↑ Jacqueline Fawcett: Care models at a glance. 1996, p. 16 ff.
9. ^ D. Schaeffer, M. Moers, H. Steppe, A. Meleis (eds.): Nursing theories - examples from the USA. 2nd Edition. Hans Huber-Verlag, Bern 2007.
10. ↑ Jacqueline Fortin: Needs. In: Ingrid Kollak, Hesook Suzie Kim (ed.): Basic concepts of nursing theory. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 1999, ISBN 3-456-82880-2 , pp. 55-70.
11. ↑ Petra Fickus: Fundamentals of professional care. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-13-127242-3 , p. 127.
12. ↑ Monika Krohwinkel: Promotional process maintenance - concepts, procedures, findings. In: Jürgen Osterbrink (Ed.): First International Nursing Congress in Nuremberg. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 1998, pp. 134–154.
13. ↑ Christina L. Sieloff: Imogene King: A Conceptual Framework for Nursing. Sage, Thousand Oaks (Calif.) 1991, ISBN 0-8039-4086-6 .
14. ↑ Reinhard Lay: Ethics in Care. A textbook for basic, advanced and advanced training. 2nd Edition. Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Hanover 2012, ISBN 978-3-89993-271-3 .
15. ^ Josephine G. Paterson, Loretta T. Zderad: Humanistic care. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 1999, ISBN 3-456-82950-7 .