Daughter brood

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As daughters-breeding are populations referred to only females exist. The gender distribution appears extremely shifted.

causes

There are several possible causes for the majority of females. Ultimately, these phenomena are based on genetic changes:

parthenogenesis

Females that result from parthenogenesis are common in solitary hymenoptera . Such thelytocia can also be found in many social species, such as ants. The genetic prerequisite is pronounced mixed inheritance, because the development of the females requires heterozygosity in social insects .

The reproduction of the reptiles typically happens sexually ( gonochoristic ). But among the lizards, species from the genus Cnemidophorus are known to parthenogenetically produce clones made up of diploid and triploid females. In these cases it is a question of apomictic or automictic parthenogenesis. Occasional thelytocic parthenogenesis has also been reported in the Boidae and Pythonidae families .

Gender determination changed

Several autosomal genes are involved in the dose compensation of the one X chromosome in the male of Drosophila melanogaster , including maleless and male-specific lethal (1–5) . If these (or their function) are lost, the male larvae die. If the corresponding proteins are missing, the one X chromosome loses the ability to provide the same transcription capacity as the XX pair in females. The male offspring die, the females remain.

Breeding Results

The genetically female brood (XX) of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was artificially produced by females mating with sexually changed males.

Parasitism

Endosymbiotic bacteria kill the male offspring of infected fruit flies. In the English laboratory jargon this is called male killing . This applies to Drosophila bifasciata , infected by Wolbachia , as well as to D. melanogaster , infected with spiroplasma . Wolbachia causes DNA damage, prevents dose compensation in the individual X chromosome and thereby kills the male embryos through abnormal apoptosis . The action of spiroplasma is similar ; in addition, this bacterium destroys the nerve tissue of the male embryos.

The bacterial infection with spiroplasma kills the male offspring of the noble butterfly Danaus chrysippus in the embryonic stage or in the first larval stage. The bacteria are inherited vertically, from mother to offspring. Since the sons perish, only daughters remain alive.

The female population of the noble butterfly Hypolimnas bolina survived at least 800 generations because the constant infestation with Wolbachia killed the males. Now a mutated area on chromosome 25 has suppressed the parasitically caused gender shift. This means that Wolbachia had a lethal influence on the (genetically controlled) male development of the butterfly.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Christian Rabeling, Daniel JC Kronauer: Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial Hymenoptera. In: Annu Rev Entomol 58, 2013: 273-292. DOI: 10.1146 / annurev-ento-120811-153710
  2. ^ Charles J. Cole, CR Townsend: Parthenogenetic lizards as vertebrate systems. In: J Exp Zool Suppl 4, 1990: 174-176.
  3. ↑ Hiroki Shibata, Shuichi Sakata, Yuzo Hirano, Eiji Nitasaka, Ai Sakabe: Facultative parthenogenesis validated by DNA analyzes in the green anaconda (Eunectes murinus). In: PLoS One 12, 12, 2017: e0189654. PMC 5728508 (free full text)
  4. ^ Wilhelm Seyffert (ed.): Textbook of Genetics. Fischer, Stuttgart etc. 1998. ISBN 3-437-25610-6 . → p. 793: Hyperactivity of X-linked genes causes dose compensation.
  5. ↑ Pravin KA Jagtap, Marisa Müller, Pawel Masiewicz, Sören von Bülow, Nele Merret Hollmann, Po-Chia Chen, Bernd Simon, Andreas W. Thomae, Peter B. Becker, Janosch Hennig: Structure, dynamics and roX2-lncRNA binding of tandem double-stranded RNA binding domains dsRBD1,2 of Drosophila helicase Maleless. In: Nucleic Acids Res 47, 8, 2019: 4319-4333. PMC 6486548 (free full text)
  6. ↑ John M Belote, John C Lucchesi: Male-specific lethal mutations of Drosophila melanogaster. In: Genetics 96, 1980: 165-186. PMC 1214287 (free full text)
  7. ↑ T. Kitano, K. Takamune, T. Kobayashi, Y. Nagahama, S.-I. Abe: Suppression of P450 aromatase gene expression in sex-reversed males produced by rearing genetically female larvae at a high water temperature during a period of sex differentiation in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In: J Mol Endocrinol 23, 1999: 167-176. PDF.
  8. ↑ Yang Yang, Qinghua Liu, Yongshuang Xiao,…, Jun Li: Germ cell migration, proliferation and differentiation during gonadal morphogenesis in all-female Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In: Anat Rec 301, 2018: 727-741. doi: 10.1002 / ar.23698
  9. ↑ Toshiyuki Harumoto, Takema Fukatsu, Bruno Lemaitre: Common and unique strategies of male killing evolved in two distinct Drosophila symbionts. In: Proc Biol Sci 285, 2018: 1875. PMC 5897628 (free full text)
  10. ↑ David AS Smith, Ian J. Gordon, Walther Traut, Jeremy Herren, Steve Collins, Dino J. Martins, Kennedy Saitoti, Piera Ireri, Richard ffrench-Constant: A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links color pattern, male- killing, and speciation. In: Proc Biol Sci 283, 2016. 1835. PMC 4971206 (free full text)
  11. ^ Louise A. Reynolds, Emily A. Hornett, Chris D. Jiggins, Gregory DD Hurst: Suppression of Wolbachia-mediated male-killing in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina involves a single genomic region. In: Peer J 7, 2019: e7677. PMC 6777490 (free full text)
  12. ^ HW Simmonds: All female families of Hypolimnas bolina L., bred in Fiji. In: Proc R Ent Soc 1923: ix-xii.