Tatar grammar
The Tatar grammar (Tatar: Tatar tele grammatikası, Tatar tele qağıydäläre) is the name for the grammar of the Tatar language . With the Tatar language is meant here especially the dialect of Tatar in Kazan , which is generally considered the standard language in the Republic of Tatarstan . Like many Turkic languages, the Tatar language is characterized by an agglutinating language structure , as well as by a subject - object - verb syntax .
Some examples of the agglutinating structure of language are given:
yurt - house
yurtta - in the house
yurtlarda - in the houses
yurtlarımda - in my houses
yurtlarımdabız - we are in my houses.
Yurtlarımdabızmı? - Are we in my houses?
A more extreme example would be the sentence Awrupalılandıralmadıqlarıbızdansızmı? ( Are you one of those we couldn't Europeanize? )
phonetics
Vowel harmony
As in other Turkic languages also is in the Tatar phonetics the vocal harmony applied. In suffixes , the first vowel must be adjusted to the last vowel in the root of the word.
Light-dark harmony
There are dark vowels a, ı, í, o and u (also called back vowels because they are formed far back in the oral cavity) and light vowels ä, e, i, ö and ü (also called front vowels because they are in the anterior oral cavity). The following table is intended to give an overview of the shift from back to front vowels:
| back vowels | IPA | front vowels | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | [ʌ ~ ɑ] [ɒ] 1 | Ä | [æ] |
| ı | [ɯ] [ʊ] 2 | e | [ɘ ~ e] 3 / [œ] 2 / [ɛ] 4 |
| í | [ɯɪ] / [ʊɪ] 2 | i | [i] / [y] 2 |
| O | [ɵ] / 3 | ö | [œ ~ ʏ] |
| u | [ʊ ~ ɤ] | ü | [u ~ ʉ] 5 |
1 [ɒ] only occurs in the first syllable and - if followed by another A - in the other syllables, but not with suffixes! Example: babalar ( children ) [bɒbɒlʌr] - the plural suffix -lar is not affected.
2 can occur if the preceding syllable contains an O or U, or Ö or Ü
3 is the pronunciation that most closely describes the sound, since the phoneme can change slightly per speaker
4 [ɛ] only occurs in loan words, is spoken by some Tatars as a standard if they are strongly influenced by Russian
5 It should be noted that the standard pronunciation of ü in Tatar is by no means [y], but also represents a [u ~ ʉ] as in Mongolian, but this is per speaker and speaker influence may differ
U harmony
U-harmony is another rule of vowel harmony, which prescribes that I-sounds in syllables have to be aligned with preceding U-sounds (o and u), i.e. H. I becomes U. This also applies to ü and ö, i.e. H. E / İ becomes Ü. In contrast to Turkish spelling , this is not orthographically visible in Tatar, but is only taken into account during pronunciation. This should show the following table:
| back vowels | example | IPA | front vowels | example | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| o, u | bulsın (so be it) | [bʊɫs ɤ n] | ö, ü | törkem (group) | [tʰœrkʰ œ m] |
Consonant harmony
Light-dark harmony
In the Tatar language and orthography, the light-dark harmony also affects the consonants (in contrast to the Turkish language), so there are dark consonants: ğ and q and light consonants: g and k. L is not orthographically evident, which is shown in the following table:
| rear consonants | IPA | front consonants | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| G | [ʁ] | G | [ɡ] |
| l | [ɫ] | l | [l] |
| q | [q] | k | [kʰ] |
It is important to note that Ğğ and Qq can also appear in front of light vowels, i.e. ä, e, i, ö and ü. In this case, the following rule always applies: consonant harmony before vowel harmony, i. that is, the front vowels are pronounced like their dark equivalents in such a case, e.g. B. ğäräp [ʁ ɒ ræpʰ] (Arabic). It is disputed whether the R is also subject to light-dark harmony. In such a case the dark R would then be [r] and the light R would be [ɾ], since it is assumed that it would make an R in front of a dark vowel roll stronger with less effort.
Voiced-voiceless harmony
As in other Turkic languages, there is another consonant harmony rule in Tatar, which concerns the adjustment of voiced to unvoiced consonants. The following synopsis contrasts:
| voiced consonants | IPA | voiceless consonants | IPA | example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | [b] | p | [pʰ] | kitap ta (from locative "-da" in the book) |
| c | [ʑ] | ç | [ɕ] | öç ta (to three) |
| d | [d] | t | [t] | at ta (at the horse) |
| G | [ɡ] | k | [kʰ] | yöräk kä (from dative "-gä"; to the heart) |
| G | [ʁ] | q | [q] | yançıq qa (to the pocket) |
| j | [ʒ] | ş | [ʃ] | qoş tan (from ablative "-dan"; from bird) |
| z | [z] | s | [s] | ças qa (into the mist) |
Nasal harmony
Tatar phonetics also show nasal harmony, i.e. H. that in the case of the plural suffix "-lar / -lär" and the ablative suffix "-dan / -dän" the first consonant becomes a nasal if the previous consonant is an M or N.
| Plural "-lar / -lär" | example | Ablative "-dan / -dän" | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -nar / -nar | adäm när (people) | -nan / -nän | Tatarstan nan (from Tatarstan) |
Sound shift in dialects
There are several Tatar dialects : Mişär (western, divided into north and south), Middle Tatar (divided into Qazan and Minzälä), Nijğar and Siberian (to name a few). There is also a slang influenced by Russian. The sound shift represents the following synopsis:
| Letter | Mişär (north) | Mişär (south) | Qazan | Mint | Nijğar | Siberian | slang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c | [d͡z] | [d͡ʒ] | [ʑ] | [ʑ] | [d͡z] | [j] | [ʒ] |
| ç | [t͡sʰ] | [t͡ʃʰ] | [ɕ] | [ɕ] | [t͡sʰ] | [t͡s] | [t͡ʃʰ] |
| G | [ɡ] | [ʁ] | [ʁ] | [ʁ] | [ɡ] | [ʁ] [x] | [ɡ] |
| H | [H] | [H] | [H] | [H] | [H] | [H] | [x] |
| k | [kʰ] | [kʰ] | [kʰ] | [kʰ] | [kʰ] | [k] | [kʰ] |
| p | [pʰ] | [pʰ] | [pʰ] | [pʰ] | [pʰ] | [p] | [pʰ] |
| q | [kʰ] | [q] | [q] | [q] | [kʰ] | [q] [x] | [kʰ] |
| t | [tʰ] | [tʰ] | [tʰ] | [tʰ] | [tʰ] | [t] | [tʰ] |
| w | [v] | [v] | [w] | [w] | [v] | [w] | [v] |
| z | [z] | [z] | [z] | [ð] | [z] | [z] | [z] |
The Siberian dialect is particularly influenced by Mongolian, so the plosives are not aspirated, e.g. B. in the Baden dialect.
noun
number
The Tatar language knows the number singular (singular) and plural (plural). The plural is formed with the suffix -lar, which is subject to the vowel and nasal harmony.
qız - qızlar> the girl - the girls adäm - adämnär> man - men
genus
Like any other Turkic language, the Tatar language has no division of nouns into genders.
Certainty
Tatar nouns have no definiteness or indefiniteness, küz means eye , as well as the eye or an eye . Nevertheless, objects can be determined more precisely by using a case (see explanation of the case).
As an indefinite article, ber ( one ) can be taken: ber at - a horse .
case
The Tatar language knows the nominative, accusative, genitive, locative and ablative. In the third person singular, part of the old instrumental occurs.
| case | back vowels | front vowels | back vowels voiceless consonants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | no ending | no ending | no ending |
| Genitive | -nıñ | -neñ | -nıñ |
| dative | -ğa | -gä | -qa |
| accusative | -nı | -ne | -nı |
| locative | -there | -dä | -ta |
| ablative | -Dan | -dän | -tan |
| Instrumental | -(in | -en | -in |
Verbs
mode
Conditional
The conditional tense in Tatar is formed with the suffix -sa / -sä , which is attached to the root of the verb: kil- - to come becomes kil-sä - when it comes . The short conjugation endings are used for the basic form of the conditional.
| person | back vowel | front vowel |
|---|---|---|
| min | -sam | -säm |
| sin | -sañ | -sow |
| ul | -sa | -sä |
| re | -saq | -säk |
| sez | -sağız | -sawz |
| alar | -sa (lar) | -sä (loud) |
The negative form is -masa- / -mäsä- .
Optative imperative
Optative and imperative generally have the same form in the Turkic languages, and of course in Tatar too. Here is the overview table and then some practical application examples:
| person | back vowels | front vowels |
|---|---|---|
| min | -ıym | -in the |
| sin | no ending | no ending |
| ul | -sın | -sen |
| re | -ıyq | -ik |
| sez | - (ı) ğız | - (e) signed |
| alar | -sınnar | -sennär |
- Min kitim! - imperative meaning "let me go!" , Optative meaning "May I go!"
- Kil! - imperative meaning "Come!" , Optative meaning "May you come!"
- Bulsın! - Imperative meaning "Let him be!" , Optative meaning "(So) May it be!"
- Kitik - imperative meaning "Let's go!" , Optative meaning "May we go!"
- Sez kilegez! - Imperative meaning "Come / Come!" , Optative meaning "May you come / May you come!"
- Bulsınnar! - Imperative meaning "Let it be!" , Optional meaning "May they be!"
Interrogative
The interrogative is the questioning mode. The corresponding suffix in Tatar is the general Turkish -mı / -me , which can be attached to any word, be it a noun, person or verb. The interrogative suffix is simply added after any word: İldäme? - In the country? or Alasıñmı? - are you taking? . The negation takes place through the word tügel ( not ). İldä towers? - Not in the countries? or using commas: İldä, tügelme? - In the countries, right? , Ala tügelseñme? - don't you take? , with the conjugation ending attached to the tügel .
Tense
preterite
The past tense is formed in Tatar just like in most Turkic languages, namely with the past tense suffix -dı and the short conjugation endings. What is important about this past tense form is that it is definitive, i. H. the narrator has witnessed the plot or is absolutely certain of the course of the plot.
| person | on the back vowel with -dı | on front vowel with -de | on voiceless consonants and back vowels with -tı | on voiced consonants and front vowels with -te |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| min | -dım | -dem | -Tim | -tem |
| sin | -dıñ | -the | -tıñ | -teñ |
| ul | -dı | -de | -tı | -th |
| re | -dıq | -dek | -tıq | -tek |
| sez | -dığız | -dec | -tığız | -tegez |
| alar | -dı (lar) | -de (loud) | -tı (lar) | -te (noisy) |
The negation generally takes place with -ma / -mä in front of the time marker: kil mä tim - I'm not going , al ma dı - he does n't take etc.
Perfect
The perfect tense is again the opposite version of the past tense when one considers the definiteness of the event. The perfect tense is used when telling of an event that one has heard of or of which one can only vaguely assess whether it really happened. Typically for the Kipchak languages, the perfect in Tatar is formed with the ending -ğan / -gän (compare with -mış in Turkish) and the long conjugation endings.
| person | back vowel with -ğan | front vowel with -gän | voiceless consonant and back vowel with -qan | voiceless consonant and front vowel with -kän |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| min | -ğanmın | - goose | -qanmın | -can |
| sin | -ğansıñ | - geese | -qansıñ | -känseñ |
| ul | -ğan (dır) | -gän (the) | -qan (dır) | -can (the) |
| re | -ğanbız | - completely | -qanbız | -känbez |
| sez | -ğansız | - completely | -qansız | -känsez |
| alar | -ğan (lar) | -gän (loud) | -qan (lar) | -kän (loud) |
The negation occurs as always with -ma / -mä , so: kil mä gän - he probably didn't come , al ma ğan - he probably didn't take etc.
See also
literature
- Ekrem Čaušević: Kazantatarisch . (Wieser Encyclopedia of the European East / Okuka, Miloš & Krenn, Gerald (ur.). Klagenfurt-Wien-Ljubljana: Wieser Verlag, 2002. Str. 793-797 .; pdf ( Memento from May 31, 2011 in the Internet Archive ))