Tongzhi restoration
The Tongzhi Restoration took place in China in the 1860s. It formally bears the name of the then incumbent underage emperor Tongzhi , but was actually put into practice by the regent Cixi and her advisor Zeng Guofan .
With reference to China's superiority over the West in ideological and moral matters, a return to its Confucian traditions was demanded, but a need for the country to catch up in economic, military and technological areas was recognized.
The top government specifically promoted the study of foreign cultures, languages and technologies, in particular by founding appropriate technical schools ( Tongwenguan ), but also by sending young Chinese to study abroad. In addition, shipyards, arsenals and arms factories were built in large numbers to accelerate industrialization.
See also
literature
- Wolfram Eberhard : History of China. From the beginnings to the present (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 413). 3rd, expanded edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-520-41303-5 .
- John King Fairbank : History of Modern China. 1800–1985 ( dtv 4497). (Original title: The Great Chinese Revolution, translated by Walter Theimer) Translated by Walter Theimer. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-423-04497-7 .
- Jacques Gernet : The Chinese World. The history of China from the beginning to the present time (= Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch 1505). 1st edition, reprint. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-518-38005-2 .
- Gisela Gottschalk : China's great emperor. Their history, their culture, their achievements. The Chinese ruling dynasties in pictures, reports and documents. Weltbild, Augsburg 1992, ISBN 3-89350-354-4 .
- Jonathan D. Spence : China's way into the modern age (= dtv 30795). Updated and expanded edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-423-30795-1 .