Tongzhi restoration

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The Tongzhi Restoration took place in China in the 1860s. It formally bears the name of the then incumbent underage emperor Tongzhi , but was actually put into practice by the regent Cixi and her advisor Zeng Guofan .

With reference to China's superiority over the West in ideological and moral matters, a return to its Confucian traditions was demanded, but a need for the country to catch up in economic, military and technological areas was recognized.

The top government specifically promoted the study of foreign cultures, languages ​​and technologies, in particular by founding appropriate technical schools ( Tongwenguan ), but also by sending young Chinese to study abroad. In addition, shipyards, arsenals and arms factories were built in large numbers to accelerate industrialization.

See also

literature

  • Wolfram Eberhard : History of China. From the beginnings to the present (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 413). 3rd, expanded edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-520-41303-5 .
  • John King Fairbank : History of Modern China. 1800–1985 ( dtv 4497). (Original title: The Great Chinese Revolution, translated by Walter Theimer) Translated by Walter Theimer. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-423-04497-7 .
  • Jacques Gernet : The Chinese World. The history of China from the beginning to the present time (= Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch 1505). 1st edition, reprint. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-518-38005-2 .
  • Gisela Gottschalk : China's great emperor. Their history, their culture, their achievements. The Chinese ruling dynasties in pictures, reports and documents. Weltbild, Augsburg 1992, ISBN 3-89350-354-4 .
  • Jonathan D. Spence : China's way into the modern age (= dtv 30795). Updated and expanded edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-423-30795-1 .