Black Wolf Spider
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Black Wolf Spider ( Pardosa lugubris ) s. l., females |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pardosa lugubris | ||||||||||||
| ( Walckenaer , 1802) |
The mourning wolf spider ( Pardosa lugubris ), also known as Common or Ordinary forest wolf spider called, is a widespread species of spider in the genus Pardosa in the family of wolf spiders (Lycosidae).
features
The black wolf spider is one of the smaller species of wolf spider. The animals are five to seven millimeters tall. The front body ( prosoma ) of the female has a broad, light brown central stripe that has straight edges and widens slightly towards the front. The rest of the prosoma is darker in color and has an indistinct light border. The back of the body ( opisthosoma ) has an indistinct light brown pattern. The legs are light and dark streaked and spotted.
The male is colored similarly to the female. However, the basic color of the prosoma is darker (almost black) and the median stripe is gray to white. The legs are noticeably long and thin. They are dark in color up to and including the femur , then light brown without any clear pattern.
Taxonomy and similar types
The mourning wolf spider was originally described for the first time by Walckenaer as a separate species . Furthermore, in 1848 , CL Koch described the species Pardosa alacris , which was later regarded as a synonym for the black wolf spider. It was also of Wunderlich Pardosa pseudolugubris as a sister species of P. Alacris described.
More recent studies by Töpfer-Hofmann and von Helversen , however, revealed, in addition to a slightly different appearance, a different mating behavior of four forms of the scoter spider, which consequently represent separate reproductive groups. For these reasons, the Pardosa lugubris group was divided into four, later six species:
- Pardosa lugubris s. st. ( Walckenaer , 1802)
- Pardosa alacris ( CL Koch , 1848) ( Syn . : Pardosa pseudolugubris )
- Pardosa saltans Töpfer-Hofmann , 2000
- Pardosa baehrorum Kronestedt , 1999
- Pardosa caucasica Ovtsharenko , 1979 (only in southern Russia / Caucasus )
- Pardosa pertinax from Helversen , 2000 (only in Greece )
All six species are extremely similar. The females can practically not be distinguished at all or only by the males caught with them. The males differ only slightly in color and structure of the pedipalps.
In more recent literature, earlier finds of the black wolf spider (before the current division of the group) are given as Pardosa lugubris sl , newer finds after the division as Pardosa lugubris s.str. (or as one of the other types).
Occurrence and way of life
The scared wolf spider is found throughout the Palearctic . It prefers medium-humid and dry habitats in open landscapes and in deciduous forests. There it is often found in very high numbers and is probably the most common type of the genus. The scourge wolf spider roams freely, preying on small insects. When disturbed, it escapes quickly running and jumping over the vegetation. Unlike various Alopecosa and Lycosa species , it does not build a hiding place like earth tubes.
Mature animals of the species can already be found in March. Mating takes place as early as spring. After laying eggs, the female attaches the cocoon to her spinneret like a wolf spider and carries it around with her. When the young hatch, they climb onto the mother's abdomen and continue to be carried around and guarded by it. Only after the first molt do the young animals leave their mother and spread around the area.
gallery
Frontal view of a female
Lateral view of a female
Females with young animals
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Individual evidence
- ↑ Töpfer-Hofmann, G., Cordes, D. & Helversen, O. von (2000): Cryptic species and behavioral isolation in the Pardosa lugubris group (Araneae, Lycosidae), with description of two new species. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 11, pp. 257-274.
- ↑ Töpfer-Hofmann, G. & von Helversen, O. (1990): Four species of the Pardosa lugubris group in Central Europe (Araneae, Lycosidae) - A preliminary report. Bulletin de la Société Européenne d'Arachnologie, 1, pp. 349-352.
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 18.5 - Pardosa lugubris . Retrieved November 6, 2017.
literature
- Heiko Bellmann : Cosmos Atlas Arachnids of Europe . 2nd Edition. Kosmos-Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-440-09071-X .
