Entelegynae
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Entelegynae | ||||||||||||
Entelegynae is a suborder of the real spiders . They are mainly characterized by the complexly built genital organs ( epigyne and globe ). With approx. 78 families, which comprise over 34,000 species in over 3,000 genera , they represent the largest suborder among the real spiders .
anatomy
While haplogyne spiders only have simply built sexual organs, the structure of the sexual organs of entelegynous spiders is much more complex. Since the epigyne and the globe are built in a species-specific manner and also show clear differences in otherwise very similar species, they are also used to identify the species. By microscopic examination of the epigyne or the globe, the species can usually be reliably determined without the aid of other, possibly variable, characteristics. For example, only a few groups of species require a preparation of the vulva in order to identify the species.
Both in the female and in the male, the complex structures of the epigyne or the bulb at the tip of the pedipalps are not yet developed in the subadult animal. The genital orifices are closed and the secondary structures are covered by the cuticle . Only after the moult are both exposed and functional.
In the female there is a hardened (sclerotized) plate of the cuticle, the epigyne , above the internal genital organs . This is usually intricately folded and has one or two openings that are connected to the spermatheks by spiral tubes . This is where the male's sperm reaches during mating and is stored there. The female is thus able to temporally separate the mating and fertilization of the eggs. The female herself transports the sperm from the sperm library via tubes to the external uterus located further inside . Only there does fertilization take place during oviposition. Even after only one mating, the female can produce and fertilize several clutches at intervals.
In males, the primary sexual organs for producing sperm are internal. The sperm is released to the outside through a small opening in the epigastric groove. However, copulation does not take place with the primary sexual organs. Instead, the males' pedipalps are transformed into complex secondary sex organs. The male first releases the sperm onto a small sperm network. From there it is taken up into the sperm store of the pedipalp, the globe , and stored there. During copulation, only the tip of the bulb, the embolus, is inserted into the epigyne openings of the female and the sperm is released via muscle contractions.
Significance of the epigyne for speciation
Due to the complex anatomy, only the globe and epigyne of animals of the same species usually fit together ( key-lock principle ). It has been assumed that this prevents two different species from crossing ( hybridization ). However, this assumption could not be confirmed in the experiment. Another argument against this theory is that even in haplogynous spiders or tarantula-like hybridizations between closely related species were not observed. Instead, mating behavior is apparently a stronger factor. If the male is courting a female of the wrong species, he will either be ignored or attacked. Mating is ruled out in advance and the anatomical differences do not even come into play. Conversely, in the experiment, females were briefly anesthetized during the courtship of a male of a closely related species, thus enabling mating. The copulations were successful and hybrid offspring developed from the eggs.
In more recent studies, therefore, not only morphological, but also behavioral aspects are used more than before to delimit some species (see also Pardosa lugubris ).
Systematics
The superfamilies and families of the entelegynous spiders are listed below:
- Ageloidea
- Funnel spiders (Agelenidae)
- Amaurobioidea
- Dark spiders (Amaurobiidae), cribellat
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Orb web spiders (Araneoidea)
- Dwarf ball spiders (Anapidae)
- Real orb web spiders (Araneidae)
- Arkyidae
- Cyatholipidae
- Canopy spiders or ceiling web spiders (Linyphiidae)
- Micropholcommatidae (currently synonymous with the Anapidae )
- Small ball spiders (Mysmenidae)
- Silk spiders (Nephilidae; absent from Hallan; currently synonymous with Araneidae )
- Cave spiders (Nesticidae)
- Physoglenidae
- Pimoidae
- Symphytognathidae
- Synaphridae
- Synotaxidae
- Thick jaw spiders (Tetragnathidae)
- Hood web spiders or ball spiders (Theridiidae)
- Dwarf web spiders (Theridiosomatidae)
-
Archaeoidea
- Archaeidae
- Mecysmaucheniidae
- Pararchaeidae (currently synonymous with the Malkaridae )
-
Corinnoidea
- Bark sac spiders (Corinnidae)
- Field spiders (Liocranidae)
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Dictynoidea
- Tender spiders (Anyphaenidae)
- Mountain funnel spiders (Cybaeidae)
- Desidae
- Curly spiders (Dictynidae), cribellat
- Ground spiders (Hahniidae)
- Nicodamidae
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Eresoidea
- Tube spiders (Eresidae) ( cribellat )
- Hersiliidae
- Oecobiidae (cribellat)
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Lycosoidea
- Comb spiders (Ctenidae)
- Wolf spiders (Lycosidae)
- Lynx spiders or sharp-eye spiders (Oxyopidae)
- Predatory spiders (Pisauridae)
- Psechridae
- Senoculidae
- Stiphidiidae
- Trechaleidae
- Curled Spiders (Zoropsidae)
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Mimetoidea
- Malkaridae
- Spidereater (Mimetidae)
- Salticoidea
- Jumping spiders (Salticidae)
- Selenopoidea
- Sparassoidea
- Giant crab spiders (Sparassidae)
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Thomisoidea
- Running spiders (Philodromidae)
- Crab spiders (Thomisidae)
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Titanoecoidea
- Phyxelididae
- Limestone spiders (Titanoecidae), cribellat
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Uloboroidea
- Deinopidae
- Curled wheel web spiders (Uloboridae), cribellat
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Zodarioidea
- Penestomidae
- Ant hunters (Zodariidae)
-
incertae sedis
- Sack spiders (Clubionidae)
- Cycloctenidae
- Thorn Finger Spiders (Cheiracanthiidae)
- Homalonychidae
- Wandering spiders (Miturgidae)
- Phrurolithidae
- Toxopidae
- Trachelidae
- Udubidae
- Viridasiidae
- Xenoctenidae
swell
- Rainer F. Foelix : Biology of Spiders . 2nd Edition. Oxford Thieme, 1996, ISBN 0-19-509594-4 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Norman I. Platnick, 2008. The World Spider Catalog, Version 8.5. American Museum of Natural History.
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 18.0 - Anapidae . Retrieved May 30, 2017.
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 19.5 - Araneidae . Retrieved December 27, 2018.
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 19.5 - Malkaridae . Retrieved December 27, 2018.
- ^ Gertsch, Willis J. 1979: American Spiders, 2nd edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. ISBN 0442226497