Sack spiders

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Sack spiders
Clubiona pallidula, female

Clubiona pallidula , female

Systematics
Sub-stem : Jawbearers (Chelicerata)
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Real spiders (Araneomorphae)
Partial order : Entelegynae
Family : Sack spiders
Scientific name
Clubionidae
Wagner , 1887

The sack spiders (Clubionidae) are a family of real spiders . The family currently comprises 15 genera and 634 species . (As of July 2020)

The genus of the sac spiders, which gives their name and is richest in species, is the actual sac spider ( Clubiona ). At least 27 species of them are native to Central Europe. So far, genera of other families have been assigned to the "sack spiders", because earlier, behavioral biological standards, here spinning a sack, were applied. Today, evolutionary aspects such as phylogeny and knowledge of genetics are increasingly important . There are also genera from the following families called "sack spiders" (and in case of doubt they can be looked for there):

Description and way of life

The species of the sac spider family are 5 to 8 mm large, mostly dark colored, nocturnal hunters. They do not weave safety nets , but cautiously sneak up on the prey. They also cover longer distances. Most species spend the day protected in a sack-shaped dwelling, which they tie together with their spider silk from parts of plants. Others prefer living tubes in the floor, which they line with silk. The species of the actual bag spiders ( Clubiona ) produce an artfully folded three-walled bag made of grass leaves and "sewn together" with silk for their eggs. Sack spiders have eight approximately equal, brightly reflective, forward-facing eyes. The two front spinnerets are usually stronger than the rear pair. The two-row arrangement of the eyes, the conical shape of the spinnerets and the paired tarsal claws are assessed as plesiomorphic features. The basic structure of the genital structures is similar to that of the flat-bellied spider family (Gnaphosidae). The oblong oval or obovate abdomen (opisthosoma) is hairy.

Systematics

It has long been assumed that the sac spiders in the broader sense (Clubionidae, see left ), including the genera transferred to these families mentioned above, must be "apparently a paraphyletic , if not a polyphyletic group". "Obviously, all those forms were added to the Clubionidae that remained after the other families of the Dionycha were separated", Ute Grimm judged in her monograph of the Clubionidae (1986), in which she still used the tried and tested division of the Clubionidae into the subfamilies Clubioninae , Liocraninae and Corinninae by Simon (1932), Reimoser (1937) and Tullgren (1946), although it was foreseeable that these did not correspond to the relationships in the sense of a phylogenetic system .

The World Spider Catalog currently lists 15 genera and 603 species for the sac spiders. (As of June 2016)

Web links

Commons : Sac spiders (Clubionidae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Clubionidae in the World Spider Catalog

literature

  • Stefan Heimer, Wolfgang Nentwig et al .: Spinning Central Europe. An identification book . Parey, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-489-53534-0 .
  • Dick Jones: The Hanlyn guide to spiders of Britain and Europe .
    • German: The cosmos spider guide . Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung Stuttgart, 1990. ISBN 3-440-06141-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.0 - Clubionidae . Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b Ute Grimm: The Clubionidae Central Europe: Corinninae and Liocraninae (Arachnida, Araneae). Treatises of the Natural Science Association in Hamburg, NF, 27, Hamburg 1986, 91 pp., ISBN 3-490-14596-8 , ISSN  0173-7481 , here p. 5
  3. ↑ Ute Grimm: The Clubionidae Central Europe: Corinninae and Liocraninae (Arachnida, Araneae). Treatises of the Natural Science Association in Hamburg, NF, 27, Hamburg 1986, 91 p., ISBN 3-490-14596-8 , ISSN  0173-7481 , here p. 5, with reference to U. Grimm: Die Gnaphosidae Mitteleuropas (Arachnida, Araneae). Treatises of the Natural Science Association in Hamburg, NF, 26, Hamburg 1985, 318 pp., ISBN 3-490-14296-9 , ISSN  0173-7481 , here pp. 16-21
  4. ↑ Ute Grimm: The Clubionidae Central Europe: Corinninae and Liocraninae (Arachnida, Araneae). Treatises of the Natural Science Association in Hamburg, NF, 27, Hamburg 1986, 91 pp., ISBN 3-490-14596-8 , ISSN  0173-7481 , here p. 5, with reference to Brignoli 1981, pp. 544, 546, 555