Actual sack spiders

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Actual sack spiders
Clubiona pallidula, female

Clubiona pallidula , female

Systematics
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Real spiders (Araneomorphae)
Partial order : Entelegynae
Family : Sack spiders (Clubionidae)
Genre : Actual sack spiders
Scientific name
Clubiona
Latreille , 1804

The actual sack spiders ( Clubiona ) are the species-richest genus in the family of the sack spiders (Clubionidae). The genus currently comprises 501 species worldwide (as of July 2020).

Central Europe is home to at least 27 species, which predominantly populate the herbaceous and shrub layers with a medium frequency, and less often the crown layer of various biotopes . The more common species in Central Europe include Clubiona comta , the reed sack spider ( Clubiona phragmitis ), Clubiona reclusa , the bog sack spider ( Clubiona stagnatilis ) and Clubiona terrestris .

Description and way of life

The three to ten millimeters small animals are nocturnal hunters. At night they roam relatively far in the herbaceous layer and skilfully sneak up on their prey. Therefore, these "two-clawed spiders" do not need any nets , but use their spider silk to make pocket-shaped dwellings from parts of plants, into which they retreat during the day. However, some species also prefer burrows in the ground or withdraw under loose bark ( Clubiona comta ), litter in the forest or under stones ( Clubiona terrestris ). Sack spiders make eye-catching bags for their egg cocoons. The expression of the tarsal claws ( see: Dionycha ) makes them, similar to the jumping spiders (Salticidae), good climbers who sometimes hunt in the canopy of forests.

Some true sack spiders are active all year round. However, their phases of activity are different. They usually become sexually mature in spring. During mating, which lasts for hours and is hardly preceded by advertising, the male holds the female tight with his noticeably longer and forward-facing jaw claws ( chelicerae ).

The females either make a silk bed on leaves on which they lay their eggs and spin this cocoon, or they make artistic pockets for their reddish eggs. Clubiona phragmitis uses grasses such as B. reed leaves that are first perforated with the chelicerae, then bent or rolled and finally spun together with the silk to form a stable vessel.

The fixed residential webs like the egg cocoons are a defining feature. They are usually hung upside down in the herb layer. With Clubiona phragmitis , the woven fabric is made of reed leaves in the shape of a tube and is open at the top and bottom, but the egg cocoon is firmly closed like a triangular pocket made of reed leaves.

Habitats

Clubiona sp., Male

Clubiona species were found mainly in the herbaceous layer near the ground and less often in the crown layer.

Many true sack spiders can be found in forests . Clubiona terrestris prefers to colonize the herbaceous layer of the planar deciduous forests , is seldom found in coniferous forests in the crown area or in the low mountain range and not at all in gardens or cities. C. comta appears to be less picky, but has been found most frequently in coniferous forests and rises up to the low mountain ranges.

Clubiona trivialis , like Clubiona phragmitis, prefersmoist habitats. Clubiona trivialis has been found in the tidal area of ​​the seas, in dunes and salt marshes and issteady and frequentin raised bogs , especially in bog forests. Outside the soil area, Clubiona trivialis occursin all layers , even in the crown layer of trees it is relatively common (19% of all catches according to Hänggi et al., 1995). Clubiona trivialis rises up to the low mountain range. Clubiona phragmitis also inhabits the direct coastal area (reed stands), but otherwise almost exclusively in the reed stands of wetlands, especially fens. Clubiona phragmites can only be found in the lowlands and only in the herbaceous layer of tall grass.

Clubiona subsultans almost only inhabits coniferous forests, the very rare Clubiona alpicola can only be found in the high mountains. By contrast , Clubiona lutescens and Clubiona neglecta , for example, are ubiquists who also stay in cultural biotopes. Sack spiders only occasionally get lost in the vicinity of humans, e.g. B. Clubiona brevipes , Clubiona comta and Clubiona pallidula toleratecaves.

European species (selection)

Selected species occurring in Europe with their common German names are:

Web links

Commons : Actual sack spiders ( Clubiona )  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Clubiona in the World Spider Catalog

literature

  • Hänggi, Stöckli, Nentwig: habitats of Central European spiders. Misc. Faun. Helvetiae, Center suisse cortographie de la faune Neuchatel, 1995.
  • Heimer, Nentwig et al .: Spiders of Central Europe. Parey Berlin, 1991.
  • Jones: The Cosmos Spider's Guide. Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung Stuttgart, 1990.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.0 - Clubiona . Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  2. ↑ Theo Blick, Martin Goßner: Spiders from tree canopy tapping samples (Arachnida: Araneae), with comments on Cinetata gradata (Linyphidae) and Theridion boesenbergi (Theridiidae). Arachnologische Gesellschaft eV: Arachnologische Mitteilungen 31, Nürnberg 2006, ISSN  1018-4171 ( Online PDF, 463 kB)
  3. ↑ R. Breitling, E. Merches, C. Muster, K. Duske, A. Grabolle, M. Hohner, C. Komposch, M. Lemke, M. Schäfer & T. Blick: List of popular names of spiders in Germany (Araneae) . Arachnologische Gesellschaft, Arachnologische Mitteilungen, Heft 59, 2020, pp. 38–62, doi : 10.30963 / aramit5907 .