Sack spider

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Sack spider
Sack Spider (Clubiona phragmitis), prepared female in the Zoological State Collection in Munich

Sack Spider ( Clubiona phragmitis ), prepared female in the Zoological State Collection in Munich

Systematics
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Real spiders (Araneomorphae)
Family : Sack spiders (Clubionidae)
Genre : Actual sack spiders ( Clubiona )
Type : Sack spider
Scientific name
Clubiona phragmitis
( CL Koch , 1843)

The reed sac spider ( Clubiona Phragmitis ) is a spider from the family of sac spider (Clubionidae). The Palearctic species is one of the more common members of this family.

features

Prepared male in the Munich State Zoological Collection

The female of the sack spider reaches a body length of seven to twelve and the male one of five to eleven millimeters, which makes the species a comparatively large sack spider.

The carapace (back plate of the Prosomas , and front body) is reddish yellow in the female and black-brown color in the male, the occupied with silk white silvery hairs head portion is colored dark. The chelicerae have a dark brown to black-brown color and a clear thickening at the base, which is less pronounced in the male. The sternum on the ventral side of the prosoma appears yellow-brown and sometimes has a darker edge. The legs are yellowish to pale yellow-brown in color.

The opisthosoma (abdomen) has a reddish-gray basic coloration in the female and a reddish-brown basic coloration in the male, but in both sexes it is covered with silky and silver-white hairs and therefore appears grayish in living specimens. Usually the opisthosoma has no drawing elements. Only in a few individuals are weakly pronounced drawings in the form of a heart mark followed by several rows of dots and a crossbar drawing.

Structure of the sexual organs

Anterior view of a female with visible epigyne

The bulbi (male genital organs) of the reed sack spider each have a tibial apophysis ( chitinized process), which appear as pincer-shaped structures.

The epigyne (female sexual organ) is longer than wide in this species and is characterized by four parallel and tubular structures that shine through the outer skin of the epigyne. Often, however, only the two inner ones of these structures are visible from the outside.

Similar species

Female of the closely related marsh sac spider ( Clubiona stagnatilis )

The sack spider is one of many similar species within the genus of the real sack spider ( Clubiona ). Examples are the short jaw sac spider ( C. neglecta ), the Pale sac spider ( C. pallidula ) and Ried sac spider ( C. reclusa ). Most of the similarities exist with the bog sack spider ( C. stagnatilis ), whose coloring largely corresponds to that of the reed sack spider and which sometimes prefers the same habitats. The reed spider can only be reliably distinguished from all similar species of the genus by its genital morphological characteristics.

Occurrence

Multiple views of a female found in the Watercress Wildlife Site in the southern England town of St Albans .

The entire range of the sack spider includes Morocco , Algeria , Europe , the Caucasus , Russia (European to Far Eastern part), Iran , Central Asia , China and Korea , which makes it quite large. The species has also been found extensively in Europe. Only from the Russian double island Novaya Zemlya , Iceland , the Kaliningrad Oblast , the Balearic Islands , Sicily , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , North Macedonia , Albania , Crete , Georgia , Armenia and both the European and Asian parts of Turkey have not been found Kind has been documented so far.

Habitats

Reeds on the Wümme in Lower Saxony , an example of one of the habitats of the sack spider.

The reed spider inhabits herbaceous vegetation and grasses in swamps and on the banks of water, including those with stocks of reeds ( phragmites ) and other plants typical of reed beds . In addition, the species can be found in sedges , in low and rain bogs , in swamps , on wet meadows and occasionally on sand dunes in coastal regions. The reed sack spider can only be found in the plains and only in the herbaceous layer of tall grass.

Threat and protection

The sack spider is generally widespread and common, although rarely seen in mountainous regions. In the Red List of Threatened Species Animals, Plants and Fungi in Germany z. B. the species is classified in the category "not endangered" and thus enjoys no protection in Germany .

The general population of the sack spider is not rated by the IUCN .

Way of life

Like all sack spiders, the reed sack spider creates the characteristic sack-shaped webs that give it its name. Like the closely related and visually very similar bog sac spider ( Clubiona stagnatilis ), it does this on grass and reed leaves, but in contrast to this it does not fold the leaf surface, but rather rolls it down to the longitudinal axis, which then visually reminds of a cigar and is provided on the inside with the web that is open on both sides. Like all sack spiders, the nocturnal species spends the day here. But it also serves to bridge the gap during moulting and wintering, where it is then closed on both sides by the spider.

Hunting behavior and catch of prey

The reed spider , like the other members of its family, is a free-range hunter who does not create spider webs to catch prey and hunts at night according to its activity time. The spider lingers on stalks and leaves of reed and sedge plants, including those of plants standing in the water, and lurks there for prey, sometimes directly above the waterline. As soon as they come within range, prey is grabbed in one jump with the help of the chelicerae and incapacitated by the nerve agent administered with the help of the chelicerae .

Other arthropods , preferably insects and other spiders , fall into the prey pattern of the sack spiders.

Life cycle

The life cycle of the reed spider is divided into several stages and, like many spiders found in temperate climates, is also determined by the seasons.

Phenology

The activity time of adult specimens of the reed sack spider amounts to the whole year for both sexes. Nevertheless, these are preferred from late spring to early autumn, and only sporadically in the winter months.

Reproduction and growth of the young

There is no more precise information about the reproductive behavior of the reed sack spider. From summer onwards, females of the species can also be found depositing an egg cocoon in the web. This cocoon is guarded by the female until the young animals hatch.

Systematics

The sack spider was already described in its first description by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1843 under the scientific name Clubiona phragmitis and has remained in the genus of the sack spider ever since. Previous descriptions under other names were based on confusion and are therefore not valid. Some old synonyms from the 19th century have also been out of use for a long time.

The species name phragmitis corresponds to the Latin name of the genus of the reeds ( phragmites ) and thus indicates the way of life preferred by the spider.

gallery

  • Dorsal view of a female

  • Dorsal view of a male

  • Illustration from the first description: at the top the male, below the female

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Clubiona phragmitis (CL Koch, 1843) at araneae - Spiders of Europe, accessed on July 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Heiko Bellmann: The cosmos spider guide. Over 400 species in Europe. Kosmos Naturführer, Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), 2nd edition, 2016, p. 236, ISBN 978-3-440-14895-2 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Clubiona phragmitis (CL Koch, 1843) from Natur in NRW, accessed on July 6, 2020.
  4. ↑ a b c d Clubiona phragmitis (CL Koch, 1843) at the Wiki der Arachnologische Gesellschaft e. V., accessed on July 6, 2020.
  5. ^ Clubiona phragmitis (CL Koch, 1843) at the Red List Center, accessed on July 6, 2020.
  6. ↑ Clubiona phragmitis (CL Koch, 1843) at Global Biodiversity Information Facility , accessed on July 6, 2020.
  7. ^ Clubionidae (Wagner, 1887) from The Spiders of Europe and Greenland, accessed July 6, 2020.
  8. ^ A b Carl Ludwig Koch: The arachnids. Depicted and described true to nature. Tenth volume, Verlag der CH Zeh'schen Buchhandlung, Nuremberg 1843, pp. 134–135. Scan of the first description at archive.org
  9. ^ Clubiona phragmitis (CL Koch, 1843) in the WSC World Spider Catalog , accessed on July 6, 2020.

literature

  • Heiko Bellmann: The cosmos spider guide. Over 400 species in Europe. Kosmos Naturführer, Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), 2nd edition, 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-14895-2 .

Web links

Commons : Reed Spider  - Collection of images, videos and audio files