Reeds

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Reeds
Reed (Phragmites australis)

Reed ( Phragmites australis )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Arundinoideae
Genre : Reeds
Scientific name
Phragmites
Adans.

The reeds ( phragmites ) are a genus of plants in the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The five or so species are distributed almost worldwide. The reed ( Phragmites australis ) is the most common and most widely Phragmites - Art . Other species occur in the tropics, but also in the European Mediterranean region. The genus Phragmites is taxonomically difficult and the number and delimitation of the species is sometimes controversial. All types of phragmites are at home in the bank zone of water and in wetlands.

Description and ecology

The species are differentiated according to the formation of the leaf sheath (tight or loosely fitting, rough or smooth), according to the surface of the shoot (rough or smooth), according to the length of the hairline and the shape of the husks. The growth form and height as well as the flowering time are also important.

Vegetative characteristics

In Phragmites TYPES is perennial herbaceous plants with stature heights of up to 6 meters. Depending on the species, the rungs can sometimes become lignified at the base. The shoots of the reed are annual and are pushed forward annually from perennial rhizomes that creep in the ground ; in the species that are common to the south, often only the tip of the shoot dies. Rhizomes can reach a considerable age, up to centuries. The leaf blade is flat, its tip blunt to pungent pointed, the ligule replaced by a wreath of hair.

Generative characteristics

The flowers sit in a long, loosened to contracted panicle , which is yellow, greenish or purple in color. The spikelets are up to 15 millimeters long with usually three to six flowers.

The fruits have a clump of long hairs at the base, which reach about the length of the inner lemma; these are used for spreading by wind. The glumes are shorter than the lemmas, lanceolate in shape, the outer twice as long as the inner.

Systematics

The genus Phragmites was established by Michel Adanson .

Species and their distribution

Depending on the author, there are around five types:

  • Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. : The two subspecies are distributed in the temperate zones, the mountains of the subtropics and the tropics almost worldwide.
  • Phragmites frutescens H.Scholz , North and West Crete, Rhodes, probably more widespread in the Mediterranean area; morphologically between Phragmites australis and Phragmites mauritianus . Also used as a synonym for Phragmites australis subsp. australis viewed.
  • Phragmites japonicus Steud. : Found in eastern China, in the Russian Far East to Korea, and from Japan to the Nansei Islands . The ligule is significantly longer than that of Phragmites australis .
  • Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. ( Syn .: Phragmites vallatorius (L.) Veldkamp ): It occurs from tropical West Africa to Kenya and from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands of the Pacific. Morphologically stands between Phragmites australis and Phragmites mauritianus .
  • Phragmites mauritianus Kunth : The underside of the leaf is rough, the shoots more woody, the leaf tips pungent, the glumes shorter. Found in tropical and southern Africa and on islands of the western Indian Ocean.

Numerous other species have been described, most of which have been synonymous with one of the species mentioned. The status of some nominal species, mostly those that were described a long time ago from the tropics and have not been found since then, has not been conclusively clarified.

In addition to these species, different clans and morphs are distinguished, the taxonomic status of which has not been conclusively clarified. In the Mediterranean area, plants with a greater height and longer panicle than those more common in the north are known as Phragmites australis subsp. altissimus (syn. Phragmites isiaca ). The demarcation to Phragmites australis s. st. but is unsure.

The European reed is considered an invasive neophyte in North America , whose further spread should be prevented. A similar, but morphologically and genetically distinguishable clan has always been native to northwestern North America; it was named Phragmites australis subsp. americana , but its taxonomic value and status is controversial. Another clan, distinguishable from both, inhabits Florida and the Gulf Coast. This is known as Phragmites berlandieri or Phragmites australis subsp. berlandieri have been distinguished. Recently, however, the opinion has been taken that it is nothing more than an American occurrence of Phragmites karka .

The genus, and the species themselves, vary in the number of chromosomes . In addition, within the species polyploidy is documented in different degrees of doubling (in Phragmites australis from 3 × to 12 ×), sometimes even mixoploidy (with different numbers in the maternal and paternal genes of the same plant). Diploid plants with an unduplicated set of chromosomes are the rare exception in all species.

Diseases and pests

Common reeds ( Phragmites australis ) in the Danube Delta

The rust fungi Puccinia invenusta , Puccinia moriokaensis , Puccinia magnusiana , Puccinia phragmitis and Puccinia trabutii occur on different types of phragmites .

Phylogeny and Evolution

The sister group of the genus Phragmites is not known with certainty, the most likely candidates are the genera Molinia (pipe grass) and Hakonechloa (Japanese dwarf reed).

According to a phylogenomic analysis (based on the comparison of homologous DNA sequences), Phragmites japonicus is more closely related to some populations of Phragmites australis than they are to each other, so this species would be paraphyletic . The tropical Phragmites mauritianus and Phragmites karka are closely related, Phragmites frutescens is also closely related and cannot be genetically differentiated from Phragmites mauritianus . Closely related is a group of reed populations from tropical Africa, South America and Asia, which have so far been classified as Phragmites australis . The reed populations spread northwards are genetically the most similar to one another despite their large distribution area.

swell

  • B. Blossey, M. Schwarzländer, P. Hafliger, R. Casagrande, L. Tewksbury: Common Reed. In: Roy Van Driesche, Bernd Blossey, Mark Hoddle, Suzanne Lyon, Richard Reardon (editors): Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04, pp.131-137.
  • Hans Brix: Genetic diversity, ecophysiology and growth dynamics of reed (Phragmites australis). In: Aquatic Botany , Volume 64, 1999, pp. 179-184.
  • SM Haslam (1972): Phragmites Communis Trin. (Arundo Phragmites L.,? Phragmites Australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steudel). In: Biological Flora of the British Isles No. 665.1 Journal of Ecology , Volume 60, No. 2, pp. 585-610.
  • Carla Lambertini, MHG Gustafsson, J. Frydenberg, J. Lissner, M. Speranza, H. Brix: A phylogeographic study of the cosmopolitan genus Phragmites (Poaceae) based on AFLPs. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 258, 2006, pp. 161-182. doi: 10.1007 / s00606-006-0412-2
  • Carla Lambertini, Brian K. Sorrell, Tenna Riis, Birgit Olesen, Hans Brix (2012): Exploring the borders of European Phragmites within a cosmopolitan genus. In: AoB PLANTS 2012: pls020 doi: 10.1093 / aobpla / pls020
  • Sarah Matthews, Rocky C. Tsai, Elisabeth Kellogg: Phylogenetic structure in the grass family (Poaceae): Evidence from the nuclear gene cytochrome b1. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 87, Issue 1, 2000, pp. 96-107.
  • Kristin Saltonstall, Paul M. Peterson, Robert J.Soreng: Recognition of Phragmites australis subsp. americanus (Poaceae: Arundinoideae) in North America: Evidence from morphological and genetic analyzes. In: Sida , Volume 21, Issue 2, 2004, pp. 683-692.
  • Hildemar Scholz & Niels Böhling: Phragmites frutescens (Gramineae) re-visited. The discovery of an overlooked, woody grass in Greece, especially Crete. In: Willdenowia , Volume 30, 2000, pp. 251-261. doi: 10.3372 / wi.30.30204
  • Daniel B. Ward: North America Has Two Species of Phragmites (Gramineae). In: Castanea , Volume 75, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 394-401.
  • Daniel B. Ward, Colette C. Jacono: Phragmites australis (Common Reed), A Looming Threat to Florida Wetlands. Wildland Weeds Spring 2009, pp. 7-9. download

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Phragmites. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  2. ↑ George B. Cummins: The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos . Springer, Berlin 1971, ISBN 3-540-05336-0 .

Web links

Commons : Reeds ( Phragmites )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Phragmites in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.