preparation

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In natural history, including human medicine, a preparation (Latin: praeparatum "the preparation, prepared ") is an object that has been prepared for illustrative, teaching, demonstration or research purposes using appropriate methods. The process of producing a preparation is generally referred to as preparation . A profession that exists in this context is the taxidermist .

species

Depending on which biological structure is represented and / or which method is used in its manufacture, different terms are used to designate a preparation. A basic distinction is made between the following types:

Injection and corrosion preparations

In order to be able to show the course of blood and lymph vessels , various methods have been developed which make it possible to highlight the vessels on a biological object. Thereby injecting the preparator a liquid (originally mainly wax or mercury) into the vascular system, which then cures in the preparation. The doctors Jan Swammerdam , Joseph Hyrtl , Ludwik Teichmann and Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn were pioneers for such procedures . These methods also make it possible to make a negative of the vessels by subsequently dissolving the surrounding tissue using chemicals. This special form of the vascular preparation is called a corrosion preparation.

Moist preparations

Biological objects of all kinds can and are preserved or fixed and stored in liquids in order to be able to represent them as realistically as possible. These preparations are particularly suitable for museum purposes, as a moist preparation in its glass in a display case can be displayed very realistically, i.e. three-dimensional and often almost color -true .

Whitening preparations

A special form of the moist and embedding preparations is the whitening preparation. Certain processes make hollow organ systems visible through the transparent object after the biological object has been brightened by adjusting the refractive index of the surrounding substance (liquid or plastic ).

Embedding preparations

An embedding preparation is a biological object that has been cast into a protective plastic cover (predominantly transparent epoxy resin ) to preserve it. This procedure can also be performed after using other methods. For example, sheet plastinates (organic sections that have been plastinated are prone to breakage) or corrosion preparations (also prone to breakage) can be embedded after they have been made to protect against physical influences (e.g. pressure load).

Dry preparations

Such preparations are made by drying . Probably the best-known dry preparations are mummies , but soaking them with paraffin or PEG also leads to dry preparations, as they can be stored dry and have no other name.

Bone and maceration preparations

A bone preparation is created to represent a bone structure . Chemical and biological methods and processes are used to remove the surrounding soft tissue and thus enable a view of the bare bones. A maceration preparation is often used as a synonym for a bone preparation, but a distinction is made here specifically according to the manufacturing process. As a result, some other preparations are also called macerated preparations because they have been macerated , but it does not have to be a bone preparation . In addition, not all bone preparations are macerated, so they do not necessarily qualify as macerated preparations.

Fiber preparation

Various fiber strands and core areas within the brain are shown on a fiber preparation .

Plastinates

A plastinate is a preparation which, after successful fixation and preparation of the structures to be represented, is made durable with the help of plastic. The plastic is incorporated into the fabric itself, which results in long-term durability.

Histological preparations

In histology , tissue sections are made and placed on a microscope slide in order to examine them under a microscope . Usually special chemical processes are used to color the sections and thus enable a differentiated representation of the tissue.

Dermoplastics

The Ingolstadt Swedish horse from 1632

For the presentation of animals in their external form what are known as bellows of their fur made. These bellows are then drawn over lifelike shapes that reproduce the anatomical structure as precisely as possible, which enables the animals to be depicted.

Microscope slides

In order to be able to look at and examine micro-organisms such as insects under the microscope, these organisms are cast in plastic on a slide. This is also referred to as a preparation.

Complete preparations

For surgical and anatomical training and further education in human and dental medicine , as well as for veterinary training purposes, complete human or animal bodies are fixed and then made available for preparation in appropriate courses. Course corpses (especially a complete preparation in human medicine) are only possible due to body donors in the anatomy. In pathology and forensic medicine , dissection or autopsy is also referred to as a dissection.

See also

literature

  • ABRAHAM, R .: Catching and preparation of invertebrates. Springer Spectrum, Unchanged reprint of the 1999 edition (2012), ISBN 978-3827430762 .
  • ERMOCIDA, E .: Textbook for pathological, anatomical dry and wet specimens . Neukomm Caduff AE, Bern, 1962.
  • KÜHNEL, W .: Pocket Atlas of Histology. Thieme, Stuttgart / New York, 13th updated and expanded edition (2014), ISBN 978-3133486132 .
  • PIECHOCKI, R. / ALTNER, H.-J .: Macroscopic preparation technique: Part 1: Vertebrates Gustav-Fischer, 5th, revised and updated edition (1998), ISBN 978-3437351907 .
  • PUCKA, G .: Textbook of taxidermy . Venatus-Verlag, Braunschweig 2000, ISBN 3-932848-24-1 .
  • RÁČEK, M .: Biological preparation. Workbook for those interested in institutes and schools. J&V, Vienna et al. 1978.
  • RÁČEK, M .: Mumia viva - the cultural history of human and animal preparation. ADEVA 1990.
  • SCHWERIN, S .: Anatomical dry, wet and bone preparations. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, 1952, ISBN 978-3662304662 .
  • STEINMANN, WF: Macroscopic preparation methods in medicine. Thieme, Stuttgart / New York, 1982, ISBN 978-3136239018 .

Web links

Wiktionary: preparation  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

Commons : Zoology specimens  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
  1. ↑ Professional profile of the taxidermist - Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  2. ↑ Johann Friedrich Pierer , Ludwig Choulant (Ed.): Medical real dictionary for manual use [...]. Department 1, Volume 4, Leipzig 1821, pp. 222-233.
  3. ↑ J. Stahnke: Ludwik Teichmann (1823–1895). Anatomist in Krakow. In: Würzburger medical historical reports 2, 1984, pp. 205–267; here: pp. 223–225.
  4. ↑ Ernst Alexander Lauth: New handbook of practical anatomy or description of all parts of the human body with special consideration of their mutual position together with an indication of the way of dissecting them and of making anatomical preparations. Volume 2, Stuttgart / Leipzig / Vienna 1836, pp. 468-518.
  5. ↑ CORDES, J .: Corrosion Technology . In: Der preparator, vol. 35 No. 1 (1989), ISSN  0032-6542 , pp. 21-29.
  6. ↑ MEIER, C. / WECHSLER, K .: wet collections: current state of knowledge. In: Der preparator , vol. 57 (2011), ISSN  0032-6542 , pp. 88-95.
  7. ↑ SPALTEHOLZ, W .: About making human and animal specimens transparent and its theoretical conditions: together with appendix: About bone coloring. Hirzel, Leipzig, 2nd, expanded edition (1914)
  8. ↑ STEINMANN, WF: Macroscopic preparation methods in medicine. Thieme, Stuttgart / New York, 1982, ISBN 978-3136239018 .
  9. ↑ DRENHAUS, U. / JUNGO, F. / RAGER, G .: Pouring brain disks with Beracryl Dur Fo 127. In: The preparator. Vol. 44 No. 2 (1998), ISSN  0032-6542 , pp. 55-59.
  10. ↑ SCHWERIN, S .: Anatomical dry, wet and bone preparations . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, 1952, ISBN 978-3662304662 .
  11. ↑ KÜHNEL, W .: Pocket Atlas Histology. Thieme, Stuttgart / New York, 13th updated and expanded edition (2014), ISBN 978-3133486132 , p. 2.
  12. ↑ GÜTEBIER, T: Damage assessment, maintenance plan and maintenance of microscopic specimens from the type collection of the Gothenburg Natural History Museum. In: Der preparator , vol. 57 (2011), ISSN  0032-6542 , pp. 66-87.
  13. ↑ ULLRICH, M .: Experiences with alcohol and formalin preservation . In: Neue Museumskunde, Vol. 26 No. 1 (1983), Berlin / DDR, pp. 60–63.
  14. ↑ OCHS, M. / MÜHLFELD, C. / SCHMIEDL, A .: Preparation course : the basis of medical practice. On Ärzteblatt.de - Retrieved November 26, 2015.