Tulin

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Tulin or sungai tulin refers to a territory along a river that was one of the personally bestowed, heritable areas within the Brunei Jajahan system .

These independent territories were sold or assigned to the North Borneo Chartered Company or became part of Sarawak State between 1877 and the early 20th century .

history

In the 1870s and 80s, the areas dependent on Brunei were - Tempasuk, Tuaran , Menggatal , Mengkabong, Inanam , Api-Api, Putatan , Kawang , Panglat, Papar , Benoni, Kimanis , Bongawan, Membakut , Padas Klias and Padas So - on the west coast of what is now the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak . Each of these territories consisted in the core of the respective river and the associated valley or delta and was geographically precisely delimited.

Legal Status

The personally bestowed, inheritable areas, called sungai tulin or pesaka , belonged to the private property of the sultan, a wazir or a nobleman ( pengiran ). Although the sultan still had sovereign rights over the tulin , they were ruled by the respective owner, who was also entitled to the income from the territories. The only duties to the sultan were to implement the central laws and ordinances of the sultanate and to pay a general tax to the royal family. In contrast to the Apanages, the sungai tulin could be inherited and sold. The sale to foreign companies also required the approval of the Sultan.

meaning

The tulin not contained in the original contracts were a thorn in the side of the North Borneo Chartered Company from the start, as they offered completely uncontrollable access into the interior of North Borneo. For example, the area around Lawas was an important slave market until 1902, which the Murut also used to exchange unwanted offspring for weapons and ammunition. Considerable efforts were therefore made to transfer the tulin into the possession of the BNBCC and in this way to create a coherent national territory.

Former tulin in what is now Sabah

The following tulin have been sold or assigned to the British North Borneo Chartered Company (BNBCC):

Significant tulin within the confines of present-day Sabah in the 1870s

tulin owner Acquired by the BNBCC on
Putatan Pengiran Muda Tajudin March 1884
Mengkabong Pengiran Rauf; later his son
Pengiran Jallaludin		 1898
Menggatal 1898
Inanam 1898
Api-Api 1898
Simbulan 1898
Nafas Tambalang 1898
Kinarut 1897
Panglat Besar 1883
Papar Sultan Abdul Moomin December 29, 1877
Gaya December 29, 1877
Panglat With that 1882
Padas-Klias November 1884
Bongawan November 1884
Benoni Sultan Abdul Mumin and Pengiran Temenggung December 29, 1877
Kimanis Pengiran Temenggung December 29, 1877
Padas-So Pengiran Syahbandar 1889
Kawang Syarif Jahir May 8, 1885

The independent territories of Membakut and Tuaran, which also belong to the jajahan , were not tulin , but kuripan , i.e. appanages of a wazir . They belonged to the appanages of the Pengiran Pemanca, the Minister for Diplomatic Affairs. Tuaran was acquired by the BNBCC in November 1884 and Membakut in 1900.

Former tulin in what is now Sarawak

The area around Lawas belonged to the tulin in today's Sarawak . The negotiations for the rights to this territory were comparatively easy, as the Sultan was in financial difficulties on the one hand, and was already cut off from this area by the previous acquisitions on the other. The sultan settled for a payment of $ 600 while the Pengerans made an annual sum of $ 4,475.

The Lawas area was initially administered by a pengiran with the assistance of a nephew of Rajah Brooke for the BNBCC - a move by which the society kept away from Sarawak's claim to the area. In 1905, however, Lawas finally went to Sarawak in exchange for mining rights on the west coast, and North Borneo now existed in its final borders.

literature

  • DS Ranjit Singh: The Making of Sabah 1865-1941 - The Dynamics of Indigenous Society , 3rd edition (2011), ed. from the Prime Minister's Office, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
  • KG Tregonning: A History Of Modern Sabah (North Borneo 1881-1963) , 2nd edition, University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1965, reprint 1967

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Singh, 66
  2. ↑ Tregonning, page 43
  3. ^ Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/236
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Singh, page 153
  5. ^ A b Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/73
  6. ^ A b Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/232
  7. ^ A b Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/235
  8. ^ Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/232
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h Singh, page 154
  10. ^ A b c Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/254
  11. ^ A b Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/237
  12. ↑ a b Sabah State Attorney: BRITISH NORTH BORNEO TREATIES - Grant By Sultan Of Brunei Of Territory Comprising Gaya Bay And Sapangar Bay
  13. ^ Singh, 152
  14. ↑ a b Sabah State Attorney: BRITISH NORTH BORNEO TREATIES - Grant By Pangeran Tumongong Of Brunei Of The Provinces Of Kimanis And Benoni
  15. ^ Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/250
  16. ^ Colonial Office, British North Borneo Company Papers CO 874/239
  17. ^ Singh, 178
  18. ↑ a b Tregonning, page 44