Reverse Discrimination

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Reverse discrimination (Engl. Reverse discrimination ) refers to the discrimination of members of favors as deemed favor of a deemed disadvantaged group.

It should not be confused with positive discrimination , in which a group that is considered disadvantaged is favored.

use

Australia

The on-board regulations of some Australian airlines such as Qantas Airways , Jetstar Airways and Virgin Australia prohibit male passengers from taking a seat next to children traveling alone. This regulation was criticized in August 2012 because of the implied general suspicion of pedophilia as reverse discrimination against men. According to Qantas Airways, this in-flight policy is widespread among airlines around the world. In response to public criticism, Virgin Australia has announced that it is rethinking its seating policy for unaccompanied children. In Great Britain, British Airways changed its longstanding seating policy in 2010 after an affected man successfully sued for a violation of gender equality.

European Union

In 2007, The Times reported on a former Vice President of the British Royal College of Surgeons criticized the National Health Service's quota policy :

"It is time that someone spoke up concerning the reverse discrimination with respect to merit awards [...] In the politically correct environment in which we live, there is now definitely reverse discrimination."

"It's time someone brought up reverse discrimination in awarding prizes [...] In the politically correct environment we live in, reverse discrimination is definitely taking place today."

United States

In the United States, the term "reverse discrimination" is used in discussions about minority quotas for state educational institutions. Quotas for the even distribution of students of different ethnicities among the schools in a district are now considered unconstitutional. Some cities still use ethnic quotas for public procurement. The city of Chicago , for example, stipulated that a quarter of the funds for construction contracts must be awarded to companies owned by members of minorities. In 2009, firefighters successfully sued the City of New Haven, Connecticut , for dismissing the results of a promotion test after sixteen white and three Hispanic but no African-American applicants passed the test.

India

In India , the term is widely used in protests against quota regulations for political bodies and the allocation of jobs and training positions.

Criticism of the term

This term is criticized for being used for a modern variety of racism. In an empirical US study, Bonilla-Silva and Forman emphasized that white students rarely perceive institutional racism and therefore wrongly see positive discrimination (affirmative action) as unfair and reverse discrimination:

“Color-blind racism allows Whites to appear 'not racist (“ I believe in equality ”), preserve their privileged status (“ Discrimination ended in the sixties! ”), Blame Blacks for their lower status (“ If you guys just work hard ! ”), And criticize any institutional approach - such as affirmative action - that attempts to ameliorate racial inequality (“ Reverse discrimination! ”)”

"Color blind racism allows whites to appear non-racist (" I believe in equality "), maintain their privileged status (" Discrimination ended in the sixties! "), Blame blacks for their lower status (" If only you work hard enough! ") and to criticize any institutional approach - such as affirmative measures - that aims to reduce inequality between ethnic groups (" reverse discrimination! ")."

- Bonilla-Silva and Forman, 2000

Furthermore, forms of discrimination such as racism are not simply attitudes, but require social power in order to implement systematic discrimination practices through social institutions. The term reverse racism would imply that minorities can subordinate white Americans through racist acts, attitudes, and institutional structures in the same way that blacks have traditionally been oppressed by whites. Since blacks as a group lack the institutional power to systematically discriminate against whites, the term is misleading.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Der Spiegel : Australian Airlines: Men are not allowed to sit next to children , accessed on August 15, 2012
  2. ↑ The Age : Nurse 'humiliated' by Qantas policy , August 13, 2012, accessed August 15, 2012
  3. ↑ The Age : Seat swap outcry moves Virgin to think again , August 10, 2012, accessed August 15, 2012
  4. ↑ The Age : Virgin policy change after male passenger was moved away from children , August 2012, accessed August 15, 2012
  5. ↑ BBC News : BA changes child seating policy following court case , August 23, 2010, accessed August 15, 2012
  6. ↑ Sarah-Kate Templeton: Doctor's Revolt at Anti-White Bias' , in: The Times, November 18, 2007 ( no longer available )
  7. ↑ Judgment on the Parents involved in Community Schools vs. Seattle School District No. 1
  8. ↑ Chicago Municipal Code , Ch. 2-92, Ch. 2-92-430, Ch. 2-91-445.
  9. ^ Judgment on the Ricci v. DeStefano
  10. ↑ High court backs firefighters in reverse discrimination suit in: CNN, June 29th 2009
  11. ↑ Devanesan Nesiah: “Discrimination With Reason? The Policy of Reservations in the United States, India and Malaysia " , Oxford University Press, 1997 ( page number missing )
  12. ^ Excess reservation will cause reverse discrimination, cautions Supreme Court , in: The Hindu, October 24, 2006
  13. ^ A b Eduardo Bonilla-Silva and Tyrone A. Forman: “I Am Not a Racist But ...”: Mapping White College Students' Racial Ideology in the USA (PDF; 178 kB). In: Discourse & Society 11, No. 1. 2000, pp. 50-85, doi: 10.1177 / 0957926500011001003 .
  14. ↑ a b c Jeffrey Scott Mio: Reverse Racism . In: Key words in multicultural interventions. A dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport 1999, ISBN 978-0-313-29547-8 , pp. 223 f.
  15. ↑ Kopano Ratele and Norman Duncan (ed.): Social Psychology: Identities and Relationships . University of Cape Town Press, Lansdowne 2003, ISBN 978-1-919713-83-0 , p. 52.