Urodidae
| Urodidae | ||||||||||||
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Pupa of a Urodidae |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the superfamily | ||||||||||||
| Urodoidea | ||||||||||||
| Kyrki , 1988 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
| Urodidae | ||||||||||||
| Kyrki , 1988 |
The Urodidae are a species-poor family of butterflies (" small butterflies ") with an almost worldwide distribution. Only one species lives in Central Europe, Wockia asperipunctella .
features
Urodidae are quite small moths with a wingspan between 11 and 37 millimeters with gray or brown scaly wings, mostly with small black spots, often covered with blue or purple sheen. The scaling of the head is close-fitting, ocelles and chaetosemata are missing. The proboscis is available and functional, it is not scaled. The maxillary palps are regressed, the labial palps medium-sized and more or less curved upwards. The antennae are, especially in the male, laterally lamellar . The shape of the forewings is variable within the family, there are species with narrow and wide wings. The outer half of the distal wing cell is often bent downwards. The anterior branches of the cubitus (CuA 1 and CuA 2 ) are also strongly curved. There are two anal wires. At the front edge of the hind wing (costa) there is a conspicuous cluster of scales in the male. The tibiae of the running legs have no spurs on the front leg, two on the middle leg and four on the hind leg, and the hind tibiae also have remarkably long hair scales. On the abdomen, the anterior corners of the second sternite are elongated and severely sclerotized. Tympanic organs are absent.
Many species of caterpillars are unknown. The caterpillars of Wockia asperipunctella are gray with a brown capsule. All species that have become known so far have relatively long and slender legs that are noticeably constricted in the middle. They can only be determined on the chaetotaxic .
Way of life
In all species in which they have been known so far, the caterpillars live free and without webs on the leaves of deciduous tree species, on which they feed. Wockia asperipunctella lives on willow and poplar species, the Mexican Wockia species on Casearia nitida ( Salicaceae ). Some species build elaborate, filigree, basket-shaped pupae. There are a generation or two per year. The long ovipositor of the females suggests hidden oviposition.
Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Systematics
There are 66 known species (as of 2011). These are divided into three types:
- Urodus . in South America
- Spiladarcha in South to Central America
- Wockia . Eurasian and distributed in North and Central America, some newly described species in tropical East Asia.
Traditionally, the genera of the Urodidae were classified in the families Yponomeutidae or Plutellidae . Today, however, their independence is undisputed. Today they are monotypically placed in their own superfamily Urodoidea. According to molecular studies (based on homologous DNA sequences), membership of the Yponomeutoidea is now considered improbable, but the actual position and the sister group relationship have not been conclusively clarified.
swell
- Jorna Kyrki (1988): The systematic position of Wockia Heinemann, 1870, and related genera (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia: Yponomeutidae auct.). Nota Lepidopterologica 11: 45-69. Full text source
- John S. Dugdale, Niels P. Kristensen , Gaden S. Robinson, Malcolm J. Scoble: Urodidae (Non-Obtectomeran Apoditrysia). In: Niels P. Kristensen: Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of zoology. Volume 4, Part 35 Lepidoptera. Walter de Gruyter Verlag 1999 ISBN 3110157047 . Page 220.
Individual evidence
- ^ David Adamski, Karina Boege, Jean-FranÇois Landry, Jae-Cheon Sohn (2009): Two New Species of Wockia Heinemann (Lepidoptera: Urodidae) from Coastal Dry-Forests in Western México. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 111 (1): 166-182. doi : 10.4289 / 0013-8797-111.1.166
- ↑ Ulf Eitschberger (1994): Miracles of nature: doll and web of a tropical microlepidoptera. Tropical Lepidoptera 5 (2): 95-96.
- ↑ Erik J. van Nieukerken, Lauri Kaila, Ian J. Kitching, Niels P. Kristensen, David C. Lees, Joël Minet, Charles Mitter, Marko Mutanen, Jerome C. Regier, Thomas J. Simonsen, Niklas Wahlberg, Shen-Horn Yen, Reza Zahiri, David Adamski, Joaquin Baixeras, Daniel Bartsch, Bengt Å. Bengtsson, John W. Brown, Sibyl Rae Bucheli, Donald R. Davis, Jurate De Prins, Willy De Prins, Marc E. Epstein, Patricia Gentili-Poole, Cees Gielis, Peter Hättenschwiler, Axel Hausmann, Jeremy D. Holloway, Axel Kallies , Ole Karsholt, Akito Y. Kawahara, Sjaak (JC) Koster, Mikhail V. Kozlov, J. Donald Lafontaine, Gerardo Lamas, Jean-François Landry, Sangmi Lee, Matthias Nuss, Kyu-Tek Park, Carla Penz, Jadranka Rota, Alexander Schintlmeister, B. Christian Schmidt, Jae-Cheon Sohn, M. Alma Solis, Gerhard M. Tarmann, Andrew D. Warren, Susan Weller, Roman V. Yakovlev, Vadim V. Zolotuhin, Andreas Zwick (2011): Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus , 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Editor) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212-221.
- ↑ Jae-Cheon Sohn (2012): Taxonomic review of Spiladarcha Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Urodoidea: Urodidae) with a new species from Venezuela. Entomological Science 15: 303-308. doi : 10.1111 / j.1479-8298.2012.00513.x
- ↑ Jae-Cheon Sohn, Jerome C. Regier, Charles Mitter, Donald Davis, Jean-François Landry, Andreas Zwick, Michael P. Cummings (2013): A Molecular Phylogeny for Yponomeutoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Ditrysia) and Its Implications for Classification , Biogeography and the Evolution of Host Plant Use. PLoS ONE 8 (1): e55066. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0055066 (open access]
