Yponomeutoidea
| Yponomeutoidea | ||||||||||||
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Cabbage moth ( Plutella xylostella ), a representative of the veil and half moths |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Yponomeutoidea | ||||||||||||
| Stephens , 1829 |
The Yponomeutoidea is a global superfamily of butterflies (Lepidoptera) comprising around 1860 species . It occurs in Europe with 263 species and subspecies .
features
The most important autapomorphy of the group is the development of extensions at the eighth pleuron in the males. The pleural lobes enclose the genital apparatus. Their size correlates with the size of the genital apparatus and especially with the valves . In the Plutellidae , Acrolepiidae and the Heliodinidae the lobes are rather small and narrow, in the Bedelliidae and the Glyphipterigidae the lobes are not formed as separate structures. For these two families, therefore, one had to put forward additional hypotheses in order to justify adding them to the superfamily. Another possible autapomorphism is the presence of a sloping costa behind the anterior margin of the second sternum . However, this is missing in the Ochsenheimeriinae from the family of Ypsolophidae and some Lyonetiidae .
Pointed eyes ( Ocelli ) and Jordanian organs ( Chaetosemata ) are present or absent. The antennae are thread- shaped , the scapus can be combed or provided with protruding scales . The proboscis is bare and usually well developed. The small maxillary palps are one to four members. In some species, they lie at the base of the suction tube. The labial palps are flaccid or directed forward or upward. They are not noticeably elongated or curved above the head. On the last link they have a sense organ at the base or near the middle. An epiphysis is formed. The anterior rails ( tibia ) of the legs have none, those of the middle two and those of the posterior four spurs. Occasionally they are also regressed. The rails of the hind legs are usually smoothly scaled. In some species a pterostigma and a chorda are formed on the front wings . The wing artery Rs4 is almost always postapical. The median vein is usually regressed or absent in the area of the cell. In females, the frenulum usually consists of only two bristles. The second sternum is designed as in the tineoidea . The spines on the terga of the abdomen are differently developed and are often absent.
The spiked bandages on the abdomen are missing on the dolls . Single spines can sometimes be found together with sets D1 and SD1. The first through fourth segments of the pupae are immobile.
Way of life
The pupae cannot free themselves from the surrounding substrate by moving before hatching.
Taxonomy and systematics
The superfamily Yponomeutoidea, whose internal relationship changed frequently, is still a heterogeneous group of rather primitive small butterflies today. Kyrki recognized the first autapomorphies as early as 1984 , which justified the monophyly of the group, but to this day a clear delimitation of the superfamily has not been made. The monophyly of the group is just as unclear as the family / subfamily allocation of a number of genera that occur outside the Holarctic . The superfamily includes disregarding the Apoditrysia those Ditrysia whose dolls are immovable (the opposite circumstance in the subfamily Orthoteliinae the Glyphipterigidae may mean a autapomorphische regression) and their imagoes not Squamigerous the suction nozzle as the gelechioidea have. The following families are included in the superfamily:
- Spider moths and bud moths (Yponomeutidae)
- Ypsolophidae
- Veil and half moths (Plutellidae)
- Acrolepiidae
- Round-forehead moths (Glyphipterigidae)
- Heliodinidae
- Bedelliidae
- Longhorn leaf miners (Lyonetiidae)
- Tonzidae
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 404 (English).
- ^ Yponomeutoidea in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved June 30, 2012
- ↑ a b c d e Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 119 (English).
- ↑ Shigeki Kobayashi, Haruka Matsuoka, Masaaki Kimura, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Yutaka Yoshiyasu and David C. Lees. 2018. Designation of A New Family Group Name, Tonzidae fam. nov., for the Genus Tonza (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutoidea), based on Immature Stages of Tonza citrorrhoa . European Journal of Taxonomy. 443; 1-32. DOI: 10.5852 / ejt.2018.443
literature
- Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 (English).