Gracillarioidea
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| Stainton , 1854 |
The Gracillarioidea is a global superfamily of butterflies (Lepidoptera) comprising around 1850 species . It occurs in Europe with 311 species and subspecies .
features
butterfly
The front of the moth is smoothly scaled, but it is rough in the Roeslerstammiidae , Bucculatricidae and some Gracillariidae . Point eyes ( Ocelli ) are usually absent, but are developed in the Douglasiidae . The antennae are usually the same length or longer than the forewings. They reach 60 to 175% of their length. The scapus can be combed. The flagellum is thread-like. The antennae have one or two rows of scales on each segment or are scaled in a ring. Jordanian organs ( Chaetosemata ) are missing, pilifers are trained. The mandibles are usually missing as well. The haustellum is bare and, as a rule, elongated, reaching one or two times the length of the labial palps . The maxillary palps have receded and consist of one to four short segments. The labial palps are usually tripartite, but in most species of Bucculatricidae they only have one limb. They do not have erect bristles.
The metafurca has free apophyses. The forewings are moderately broad to slender. Your wing vein Rs4 ends either at the costa or at the wing tip. The chorda with the accompanying cell is usually missing, but it is developed in some species of the Roeslerstammiidae and Gracillariidae. The inserted cell is missing. The veins 1A + 2A have no basal bifurcation. Microtrichia for coupling the wings together are subanal. The hind wings are often lanceolate. The inserted cell is also missing in them, the disc cell is usually open, with the transverse artery m-cu missing. In the Roeslerstammiidae and most of the basal Gracillariidae, the cell is closed.
There are no thorns on the terga of the abdomen. The front edge of the second sternum has the Tineoidea similar Apodeme . As with the Tinapidea, there are a tiny pair of warts and two pairs of plates with tubercles.
In the male genitalia the uncus is usually absent, in the Roeslerstammiidae it is double-lobed. In females, the ovipositor is moderately to only slightly everted and has two pairs of moderate to short apophyses. The opening of the ostium is on the eighth sternum or on the caudal margin. In the Roeslerstammiidae, the opening is between the seventh and eighth sternum.
Pre-imaginal stages
The eggs are of the flat type and have the axis of the micropyle parallel to the substrate. The chorion is fairly smooth to finely reticulated. The end with the micropyle has reticulated grooves. The caterpillars are often hypermetamorphic, so they change their appearance significantly in the course of their development. The caterpillars either have no or regressed thoracic and abdominal legs . The belly legs usually have a double circle of hook wreaths, with the inner circle being incomplete. The pupa has receded mandibles and is incomplete. The fourth and fifth abdominal segments are mobile. Maxillary palps are usually trained. The thorns on the terga of the abdomen are arranged in a single, anterior row, in the Gracillariidae they are in dense spots.
Way of life
The females lay the eggs one by one on the host plants and fix them with secretions. After hatching, the caterpillars drill directly into the plant tissue. Young caterpillars are mostly borers or miners . The largest family within the group, the Gracillariidae, comprise a little less than half of all butterflies miners and thus belong to the largest group of these representatives. Most species specialize in feeding on certain plant species that are known from at least 80 plant families.
Taxonomy and systematics
The superfamily is defined by the following autapomorphies : The pupa partially frees itself from the cocoon before the butterfly hatches , it has thorns on the terga of the abdomen, the male adults lack the pleural lobes on the eighth abdomen segment, the butterflies have a smoothly scaled fron, the labial palps have no bristles laterally, the galeae are elongated and close to each other, the hind wings lack the inserted cell, the caterpillars initially mine or drill in the food plant and the belly legs of the older caterpillars are usually arranged in a double row.
The first three autapomorphies differentiate the superfamily from the superfamily Yponomeutoidea , the last six from the superfamily Tineoidea . The bare house cellum and the second sternum on the abdomen, which has an apophysis similar to the tineoidea, as well as the autapomorphies of the pupa move the gracillarioidea close to the tineoidea and distinguish these two taxa from the other, more developed ditrysia . The following families are included in the superfamily:
- Leaf miners (Gracillariidae)
- Dwarf moth (Bucculatricidae)
- Roeslerstammiidae (Amphitheridae)
- Douglasiidae
literature
- Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 404 (English).
- ^ Gracillarioidea at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved June 29, 2012
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 107 ff . (English).
- ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 409 f . (English).