Tineoidea

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Tineoidea
Clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella)

Clothes moth ( Tineola bisselliella )

Systematics
Superclass : Six-footed (Hexapoda)
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Subclass : Flying insects (Pterygota)
Superordinate : New winged wing (Neoptera)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Superfamily : Tineoidea
Scientific name
Tineoidea
Latreille , 1810

The Tineoidea are a superfamily of about 4750 species of butterflies within the group of Ditrysia . It occurs in Europe with 564 species and subspecies .

features

The head is generally rough with mostly hair-like scales. Point eyes ( Ocelli ) are usually absent, but are present in some Eriocottidae and Psychidae . The antennae are usually shorter than the forewing length, the scapus can be combed, the flagellum is usually thread -shaped , but occasionally also comb-shaped in the males of the Eriocottidae, the Acrolophidae , Psychidae and the females of the Arrhenophanidae . As a rule, each antenna segment has a number of slender scales, but rarely two. They are either located around the segment or are only on the dorsal side . Chaetos schemes are missing. The maxillary palps are five-membered in many Tineidae and the genus Crepidochares of the Eriocottidae, in all others they are either four-membered or absent. The labial palps are usually tripartite and have strong, erect, comb-shaped scales (bristles) on the apex and the sides of the second segment. These are absent in the Arrhenophanidae and most Acrolophidae and Psychidae. The forewings are moderately wide. Your Rs4 vein usually ends at the Costa loader or the wing tip. In the Psychidae and most Arrhenophanidae and Eriocottidae it ends at the term. The terga do not have any thorns on their abdomen . The second abdominal segment has no tergosternal connection. Tympanal organs are absent with the exception of the subfamily Harmocloninae of the Tineidae, in which some are formed on the second sclerite .

The eggs are oval in shape, are of the flat type and have the axis of their micropyle parallel or almost parallel to the surface on which they are laid. The chorion is structured fairly smooth to finely reticulated. The eggs are usually laid individually and outside the substrate, but some species lay them together in large numbers. The caterpillars often live in a tube or a transportable sack. In all stages the thoracic legs are fully developed and five pairs of abdominal legs are formed. The ventral crowns of hooks are arranged in a simple row to form a whole circle, or a whole ellipse or part of it. The pupae are incomplete and have no movable mandibles. Your body appendages are attached to the body to different degrees. They have 36 moveable abdomen segments. They usually have maxillary palps. On the abdomen, the terga spines are usually formed in rows, sometimes in groups. Before the moths hatch, the pupa partially moves out of its cocoon.

Occurrence and way of life

The real moths are mainly distributed in the tropics and have species with very diverse eating habits. In all of their large subfamilies, however, there are species that generally eat mushrooms or detritus , which presumably reflects the original eating habits. The caterpillars of the Eriocottidae, which are particularly widespread in the Ethiopis and Orientalis , probably feed on detritus or possibly also in dead wood or on dead plant material. The Acrolophidae are only known from the New World, especially the Neotropics , and feed, as far as known, on detritus, or in grass clusters, sugar cane plants or stalk porlings . A single species feeds on detritus and feces in turtle burrows. The sack carriers are distributed worldwide, but with around 90% of the species their main distribution is in the Old World. They also have a very diverse diet, for example on lichens, in ant nests, where they presumably eat waste, or on plants. The Arrhenophanidae are mainly found in the New World.

Systematics

The Tineoidea are the most original group of the Ditrysia . Until 1988, the superfamily still comprised the families that are now part of the Gracillarioidea . Kristensen distinguishes six families; Lyonetiidae and Ochsenheimeriidae (the latter as a subfamily of the Ypsolophidae ) are part of the Yponomeutoidea .

The tineoidea are mainly characterized by their slender pair of ventral pseudoapophyses on the tenth abdomen segment in most females and the unusually long, telescopic ovipositor . In addition, one can distinguish the group from the closely related Gracillarioidea and the other groups of Ditrysia by the erect scales on the fron, the labial palps with lateral bristles and the haustellum with the short, separate galeae.

Possible synapomorphies of the families apart from the Tineidae are the strong tendency of the antennae to be double-combed, the regressed maxillary palps, which are tripartite with the exception of the Eriocottidae, the wing vein Rs4 of the forewings, which ends more at the term instead of the costa, the male retinaculum , which arises on the wing membrane between the costal and subcostal arteries rather than on the subcostal arteries, the female frenulum, which has more than four bristles, the tip of the sacculus in the male genitalia, the one or more thorn-like sensillae and a spiky, membrane-like one Lobus ("Pulvillus") on the surface of the inner Valven. Possible autapomorphies of the taxon Acrolophidae + Psychidae + Arrhenophanidae are the lack of combs on the antennae and the overgrown apophysis of the metafurca and the secondary arm of the furca, which results in a bridge-like structure. The separation of the Arrhenophanidae from the Psychidae has been criticized, but appears to be justified.

The following families are included in the tineoidea:

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 408 f . (English).
  2. ^ Tineoidea in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved October 4, 2013
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 91 ff . (English).
  4. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 104 (English).

literature

  • Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 (English).