Apoditrysia

Apoditrysia
Thyme ram ( Zygaena purpuralis ); Representative of the ram .
Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta) Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera) Subordination : Glossata without rank: Heteroneura without rank: Ditrysia without rank: Apoditrysia
Scientific name
Apoditrysia
Minet , 1983

Apoditrysia is a taxon of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from the suborder Glossata .

features

The monophyly of this taxon is due to the characteristic structure of the second sternum . The apodemes are shortened, have an enlarged base and do not appear as mere extensions of the venules, the longitudinal ribs on the sternum.

In many species of Apoditrysia, the elongated anterolateral corners of the second sternum are another characteristic feature, but it is unclear whether this is also an autapomorphism of Apoditrysia or not. It was also assumed that the lack of spurs on the terga due to regression also represents an autapomorphism, but some subgroups, such as the Zygaenoidea , Alucitoidea or Epermenioidea , still have such spurs.

Systematics

The relationships within the Apoditrysia are still unclear. Minet (1986) assumes that the majority of the superfamilies assigned to Apoditrysia form the Monophylum Obtectomera , although the assignment of the Epermenioidea and Alucitoidea to the Obtectomera has since been revised by Minnet (1991). Kristensen (2003) shares this opinion. Since the tortricoid is by far the largest group of the remaining superfamilies outside the obtectomera , they are all collectively referred to as the “tortricoid group”.

• Superfamily Galacticoidea
• Superfamily Zygaenoidea , e.g. B. Ram
• Superfamily Sesioidea , e.g. B. Glass winged
• Superfamily Cossoidea , e.g. B. Willow Borer
• Superfamily Choreutoidea
• Superfamily Tortricoidea , e.g. B. Winders
• Superfamily Urodoidea
• Superfamily Schreckensteinioidea
• Superfamily Epermenioidea
• Superfamily Alucitoidea
• Superfamily Pterophoroidea , e.g. B. feather moths
• remaining superfamilies: Obtectomera

Molecular phylogenetic study (March 2013)

A large-scale study published in March 2013 examined the order of butterflies for kinship relationships. In this study there are some differences to older classifications regarding Apoditrysia. Immidae is found in Apoditrysia but not in Obtectomera . Pterophoroidea , Alucitoidea and Epermenioidea are located in Obtectomera. Douglasiidae is classified as a sister taxon of Schreckensteiniidae and Millieriidae is classified as a sister taxon of Immidae.

The cladogram regarding Apoditrysia looks like this:

Apoditrysia	Urodidae     Spread wing butterflies ( Choreutidae )     Schreckensteiniidae     Douglasiidae     Immidae     Millieriidae     Winder ( Tortricidae )     Galacticidae     Heliocosmidae     Zygaenoidea (including rams , feathered rams and snail moths )     Cossoidea (including wood burs )     Glass winged winged ( Sesiidae )     Obtectomera (remaining superfamilies)

supporting documents

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 12 ff . (English).
2. ↑ Jerome C. Regier, Charles Mitter a. a .: A Large-Scale, Higher-Level, Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Insect Order Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). In: PLoS ONE. 8, 2013, p. E58568, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0058568 .

literature

• Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 (English).