Winder

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Winder
Notocelia uddmanniana

Notocelia uddmanniana

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
Superfamily : Tortricoidea
Family : Winder
Scientific name
Tortricidae
Latreille , 1803
Aphelia paleana
Caterpillar of Clepis spectrana
Codling moth ( Cydia pomonella )
Archips podana

The curlers (Tortricidae) are a family within the order of the butterflies (Lepidoptera). Around 5,000 species of them are known worldwide to date. In Europe about 1,000 species and subspecies are found, of which 587 species live in Central Europe . Some types of curlers roll up the leaves of their food plants, which is how the family got their name. Their main distribution area are the temperate latitudes and the tropics .

features

The moths are small to medium-sized and usually reach a span of 7 to 35 millimeters. Only a few species reach a wingspan of around 60 millimeters. Many species are dark in color, but there are also some species that are vividly colored. The forewings are rather broad and approximately triangular to square in shape. The hind wings are usually the same width as the fore wings. The forewings have 12 or 13 wing veins with one or two anal veins (1b or 1b and 1c), the hind wings have 9 or 10 veins with three anal veins (1a, 1b and 1c). In the resting position, the body with the wings attached to the abdomen usually has a bell-like shape. Some species have tufts of scales on the forewings and thorax . Your antennae are very short to medium long and never reach more than two thirds of the fore wing length. They are predominantly thread-like, but in some species the males have feathery antennae. In addition to the compound eyes , most species also have point eyes ( Ocelli ). The proboscis is fully developed and scalloped at the base. The maxillary palps are short and vary from undivided and bare to four-limbed and scaled. The labial palps are tripartite and well developed. They are mostly directed forward, sometimes also upward. The female ovipositor is not elongated, as is the case with many other butterfly families, but is formed by wide, flat and hairy lobes.

The caterpillars have four pairs of belly legs and the follower . They have six point eyes on each side of the head.

Way of life

The adults are predominantly crepuscular or nocturnal and sit hidden on tree trunks or under leaves during the day. But there are also diurnal species, such as the Ceracini and Grapholitini species.

The females lay their eggs individually or in groups on the surface of the host plant, in some species this takes place in rows. Sometimes the eggs become covered with either secretions, debris, or abdominal hairs. The eggs are also very different in shape, but most are flattened with the micropyle on top. The eggs are often so flat that they look like scales , but there are also those that are thick and oval in shape. The caterpillars of many species live as miners within the plants or fold or roll up leaves in which they feed. There are also species that eat dead leaves, seeds and roots or live in plant galls or as bores in branches and trunks. There are a few species that are known as pests in agriculture as well as forestry . Well-known examples are the codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ), whose caterpillars develop in fruit, especially apples , or the plum moth . The pupation of the leaf-rolling or folding species usually takes place in a fine web on the food plant, but many boring species pupate on the ground.

Systematics

The winders are structured as follows:

Subfamilies, tribe and genera without tribe allocation:

Genera incertae sedis :

Types (selection)

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tortricidae. Fauna Europaea, accessed April 24, 2007 .
  2. ↑ Tortricidae. Lepiforum e. V., accessed April 24, 2007 .
  3. ↑ a b c Malcolm J. Scoble: The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Pp. 255ff, Oxford University Press 1995, ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9
  4. ^ A b N. P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie 4 (35) , p. 199ff, Walter de Gruyter. Berlin, New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-015704-7
  5. ↑ Tortricidae . www.biolib.cz. Retrieved July 10, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Wickler (Tortricidae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files