Obtectomera

Obtectomera
Purple moth ( Pyrausta purpuralis ); Representatives of the borer .
Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta) Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera) Subordination : Glossata without rank: Ditrysia without rank: Apoditrysia without rank: Obtectomera
Scientific name
Obtectomera
Minet , 1986

Obtectomera is a taxon of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from the suborder Glossata .

features

The group is characterized by the following features: The pupae are thornless and at least their first to fourth abdomen segment is immobile, so that the pupa does not free itself from the surrounding substrate before the butterfly hatches. Only in some Macrolepidoptera does this behavior still occur, which is assumed, however, as a regaining of an evolutionary original characteristic. The characteristics of the pupae also appear in some taxa of the Ditrysia ( Yponomeutoidea and Gelechioidea ), which, however, are not counted among the Obtectomera, since the adults of these groups lack the specially trained pulvilli on the tarsi of the forelegs.

Way of life

The species of the Obtectomera, which are not counted among the Macrolepidoptera , mainly have caterpillars that live inside their food plants. However, within the largest subfamily, the Pyraloidea , there are numerous species that feed on detritus .

Systematics

The relationships within the Apoditrysia are still unclear, with Minet (1986) assuming that the taxon Obtectomera forms a monophylum to which most of the superfamilies assigned to Apoditrysia belong. The taxon Obtectomera comprises the following superfamilies:

• Superfamily Whalleyanoidea
• Superfamily Immoidea
• Superfamily Copromorphoidea
• Superfamily Hyblaeoidea
• Superfamily Thyridoidea
• Superfamily Pyraloidea
• remaining superfamilies: Macrolepidoptera
  • Superfamily Mimallonoidea
  • Superfamily Lasiocampoidea
  • Superfamily Bombycoidea
  • Superfamily Cimelioidea (formerly Axioidea; renamed because of the crustacean taxon of the same name)
  • Superfamily Calliduloidea
  • Superfamily Hedyloidea
  • Superfamily Hesperioidea
  • Superfamily Papilionoidea
  • Superfamily Drepanoidea
  • Superfamily Geometroidea
  • Superfamily Noctuoidea

Molecular phylogenetic study (March 2013)

A large-scale study published in March 2013 examined the entire order Lepidoptera for family relationships. In this study there are a few differences to older classifications with regard to Obtectomera. Immoidea is located in Apoditrysia but not in Obtectomera. Gelechioidea , Pterophoroidea , Alucitoidea and Epermenioidea are located in Obtectomera. The position of Whalleyanoidea is unclear. Hesperioidea and Hedyloidea are dissolved. Their families Hesperiidae and Hedylidae are subordinated to Papilionoidea .

The cladogram for Obtectomera is as follows:

Obtectomera

Gelechioidea including Lypusidae (including gelechiidae , oecophoridae , elachistidae , coleophoridae and cosmopterigidae )     Pyraloidea ( borer and snout borer )  Macroheterocera  Drepanoidea (including sickle-winged )     Mimallonoidea     Cimelioidea (formerly Axioidea)     Geometroidea (including Spanner )     Noctuoidea (including owl butterflies and tooth spinners )     Bombycoidea (including swarmers , real spinners , birch moth , peacock moth and meadow moth )     Lasiocampoidea (including clucking )     Pterophoroidea ( feather moths )     Papilionoidea included Hesperiidae and hedylidae (including Ritterfalter , Dickkopffalter , Whites , Edelfalter , Bläulinge and riodinidae )     Thyridoidea ( window spot )     Calliduloidea     Hyblaeoidea     Alucitoidea (including feather spirit )     Copromorphoidea     Epermenioidea ( winged butterfly )

supporting documents

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 224 ff . (English).
2. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 412 (English).
3. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 13 (English).
4. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 28 (English).
5. ↑ Jerome C. Regier, Charles Mitter a. a .: A Large-Scale, Higher-Level, Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Insect Order Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). In: PLoS ONE. 8, 2013, p. E58568, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0058568 .

literature

• Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 (English).