Hedylidae

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Hedylidae
Macrosoma conifera

Macrosoma conifera

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Superordinate : New winged wing (Neoptera)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
Superfamily : Papilionoidea
Family : Hedylidae
Scientific name
Hedylidae
Guenée , 1857

The Hedylidae are a family of butterflies . All species of the relatively small family (40 species ) live in South or Central America ( Neotropic ecozone ). The family has received a great deal of attention from evolutionary biologists since recent findings indicate that they are probably very closely related to butterflies .

features

butterfly

They are small, relatively graceful butterflies. The long, rather narrow forewings are often more or less indented (outlined) at the tip. Their coloring is different, some species are colored white, in the species Macrosoma heliconiaria and related species the wing pattern is similar to butterflies of the genus Heliconius (Fam. Nymphalidae ), but most species are inconspicuously drawn gray, brown and white. Many species have transparent spots on their wings. The top and bottom of the wings are patterned the same. The wing veining shows some peculiarities: The cores Rs1 and Rs2 are s-shaped (sinuat), Rs2 and Rs3 are separated down to the bottom (without a common stem), Rs3 and Rs4, however, are stalked together. The fore and hind wings, at least in the males, have the coupling mechanism with the frenulum and retinaculum , which is typical for most butterflies , while the wings of the butterflies have lost this. With them, the wings are coupled by overlaps ("amplexiform"). At the base of the fore wing, a tympanic organ sits in a hidden pocket between the subcostal and cubital veins, with which the animals can hear the locating sounds of bats. When hearing ultrasound, they try to make evasive maneuvers like tight turns. While it was believed until recently that butterflies were unable to do this, it has recently been found that at least some species with a structure called "Vogel's organ" that is homologous to the tympanic organ of Hedylidae are also able to do so.

The head has long, thread-like and scaly antennae, in some species the antennae of the male are combed . The complex eyes are large. As typical for nocturnal butterflies, the Hedylidae have so-called superposition eyes . They light up through an air-filled tapetum in the back of the eye when they are illuminated. The ocelli are missing, instead a chaetosema is present. The proboscis is normal. The labial palps are tripartite and directed upwards, with a deep indentation (sensory field) in the last segment. The tibiae of the forelegs have no spurs, those of the middle legs each have a pair, those of the posterior one or more rarely two pairs. The fore tarsi of the males have only two limbs, the pretarsus is regressed except for two small rudiments of claws. The animals do not use their front legs to rest or run, but rather wear them at an angle on their bodies. The abdomen is narrow but high, somewhat compressed to the side and noticeably curved.

egg

The eggs of Macrosoma semiermis are elongated and are glued vertically (with the narrow side) to the leaf surface of the host plant. The egg is sculptured with seven strong longitudinal ribs and about 30 indistinct transverse ribs and thus resembles the eggs of many whites . The egg stage of almost all other species is unknown.

Caterpillars

The caterpillars and other developmental stages are not known for all species. In the species that have become known, the head has two very conspicuous, horn-like appendages. The rear end also has a long extension called furca, which is formed from the redesigned anal plate of the tenth abdomen segment. The head has six larval eyes (stemmata). On the abdomen, there are feet on segments three to six and on the last (tenth) segment. From macrosoma tipulata five larval stages are given.

Dolls

The pupae of the Hedylidae are notable for the fact that they are not enclosed in a cocoon , but are freely fixed around the thorax with a silk ribbon ( belt pupa ), as is otherwise typical for butterflies.

Way of life

The biology of most species is poorly known. Many have only been detected by light traps , without any more being known about their way of life. Although observations of individuals flying during the day have occasionally been made (especially of the contrasting colored Macrosoma heliconiaria ), they are probably mostly nocturnal. The species Macrosema heliconiaria was found in Tamaulipas, Mexico on leaves of the liana species Byttneria aculeata ( mallow family ), with which it could be grown up to the imago, but the information may relate to the very similar Macrosoma semiermis , which can only be distinguished by genital morphology . When resting, the well-camouflaged caterpillar lies down along the midrib of the leaf. Macrosoma tipulata has been observed in Brazil as a pest on Cupuaçu ( Theobroma grandiflorum , Malvaceae), which here eats the leaves off to the point of devastation.

distribution

The family is widespread in South and Central America, north to Mexico, Cuba and Trinidad. Finds are available from different altitudes up to the mountain forest level. The center of diversity is Peru with 26 recorded species. In Manaus (Brazil) on the Amazon, nine species with light traps were found, a total of 18 species are known from Brazil. Nine species are given from Panama.

Taxonomy

The group was newly described by Achille Guenée in 1857 as a family, who also described three species in the same work, which he assigned to three genera. Later they were then regarded as part of the family of the Spanner (Geometridae), mostly in the rank of a tribe of the subfamily Oenochrominae. In his revision of the group, Malcolm J. Scoble restored the family status and pointed out the possible relationships to the butterflies (cf. under sources). In doing this, he assigned all the species previously described to the genus Macrosoma Hübner, 1818. That would make the family monotypical. This view is currently largely accepted, although a fundamental revision is still pending, also in Scoble's own view. The type genus of the family is Hedyle Guenée, 1857, synonymous with Macrosoma by Scoble . According to the rules of zoological nomenclature (since 1960), the name of the family is not adapted to such name changes.

Phylogeny and Systematics

According to the available morphological and molecular data, there is a very high probability that the Hedylidae are closely related to the butterflies. There are still various hypotheses about their exact position. The argument for a relationship with butterflies is u. a. the construction of the doll as a belt doll. The different shape and movement of the caterpillars already speak against classification as a tensioner. Anatomical arguments for a relationship include: a. the shape of the first abdominal tergite , the shape of the apophysis of the metathoracic furca (an inward process of the exoskeleton that serves as a muscle attachment) and the partial regression of the male's forelegs. The matching structure of the tympanic organs (see above) is also remarkable, while Spanner, like most “Macrolepidoptera”, have tympanic organs in the abdomen.

Studies on a morphological basis (or according to the “total evidence” approach for morphological and molecular results taken together) have usually assumed a basal position of the Hedylidae, which would therefore be the sister group of the thick-headed butterflies (Fam. Hesperiidae) and the other butterflies taken together. They are then placed in their own (monotypical) superfamily "Hedyloidea". It seems tempting to view the Hedylidae as the missing link between “butterflies” and “night butterflies”.

More recent studies based on the comparison of homologous DNA sequences also suggest other positions, although in all of them the close relationship of the butterfly families to the Hedylidae was confirmed. Alternatively, a sister group relationship with the Hesperiidae would also be possible

As a result of these results, many systematists now tend to unite all relevant families of the (old) superfamily Papilionoidea, including the Hedylidae and the Hesperiidae, in a broad, new superfamily Papilionoidea; this position is followed here. In the English-speaking world, they are sometimes referred to as "nocturnal butterflies".

swell

  • M. J Scoble (1986): The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies . Bulletin of The British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 53: 251-286. Full text source

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jayne E. Yack, Elisabeth KV Kalko, Annemarie Surlykke (2007): Neuroethology of ultrasonic hearing in nocturnal butterflies (Hedyloidea). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 193: 577-590 doi : 10.1007 / s00359-007-0213-2
  2. ↑ Karla, A. Lane, Kathleen, M. Lucas, Jayne, E. Yack (2008): Hearing in a diurnal, mute butterfly, Morpho peleides Papilionoidea, Nymphalidae. Journal of Comparative Neurology 508 (5): 677-686. doi : 10.1002 / cne.21675
  3. ↑ Jayne E. Yack, Stephanie E. Johnson, Sarah G. Brown, Eric J. Warrant (2007): The eyes of Macrosoma sp. (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea): A nocturnal butterfly with superposition optics. Arthropod Structure & Development 36: 11-22. doi : 10.1016 / j.asd.2006.07.001
  4. ↑ a b c d Malcolm J. Scoble & Annette Aiello (1990): Moth-ike butterflies (Hedylidae, Lepidoptera): a summary, with comment on the egg. Journal of Natural History 24: 159-164
  5. ^ Roy O. Kendall (1976): Larval foodplants and life history notes for eight moths from Texas and Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society: 30 (4) 264-271.
  6. ↑ a b Annette Aiello (1992) Nocturnal Butterflies in Panama, Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). In: Diomedes Quintero Arias and Annette Aiello (editors): Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies. Oxford University Press. xxii + 692 pp., pp. 549-553.
  7. ↑ Gilcélia Lourido, Neliton M. Silva, Catarina Motta (2007): Parâmetros biológicos e injúrias de Macrosoma tipulata Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae), em cupuaçuzeiro [Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild ex Spreng Schum)] no Amazonas. Neotropical Entomology vol. 36, n.1: 102-106. doi : 10.1590 / S1519-566X2007000100012 . download
  8. ↑ Gerardo Lamas & Juan Grados (1997): Sinopsis de los Hedylidae (Lepidoptera) del Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia Vol.40: 107-109.
  9. ↑ Gilcéia Melo Lourido, Catarina da Silva Motta, José Albertino Rafael, José Wellington de Morais, Francisco Felipe Xavier Filho (2008) Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea) coletados à luz a 40 metros de altura no dossel da floresta da Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical em Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Acta Amazonica vol.38 no.2: 329-332. doi : 10.1590 / S0044-59672008000200017
  10. ↑ A Guenée (1857): Species general des Lepidopteres. In: J. Boisduval & A. Guenée: Histoire naturelle des insectes. Full text source
  11. ^ LB Prout (1931): The American Geometridae In: A. Seitz: The Macrolepidoptera of the World Volume 8. Stuttgart (Kernen). 1-144.
  12. ↑ Niklas Wahlberg, Michael F Braby, Andrew VZ Brower, Rienk de Jong, Ming-Min Lee, Sören Nylin, Naomi E Pierce, Felix AH Sperling, Roger Vila, Andrew D Warren, Evgueni Zakharov (2005): Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 272: 1577-1586. doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2005.3124
  13. ^ NP Kristensen (editor) (2003): Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 2: Morphology, Physiology, and Development. In Fischer, M. (Editor) Handbook of Zoology 4. Arthropoda: Insecta, part 36. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & New York. 564 pp.
  14. ↑ z. B. Jerome C. Regier, Charles Mitter, Andreas Zwick, Adam L. Bazinet, Michael P. Cummings, Akito Y. Kawahara, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Derrick J. Zwickl, Soowon Cho, Donald R. Davis, Joaquin Baixeras, John Brown, Cynthia Parr, Susan Weller, David C. Lees, Kim T. Mitter (2013): A Large-Scale, Higher-Level, Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Insect Order Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). PLoS ONE Volume 8, Issue 3: e58568 doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0058568
  15. ↑ Maria Heikkilä, Lauri Kaila, Marko Mutanen, Carlos Peña, Niklas Wahlberg (2012) Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 279: 1093-1099. doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2011.1430
  16. ↑ Niklas Wahlberg, Christopher W. Wheat, Carlos Pena (2013): Timing and Patterns in the Taxonomic Diversification of Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths). PLoS ONE Volume 8, Issue 11: e80875. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0080875
  17. ↑ z. B. Erik J. van Nieukerken, Lauri Kaila, Ian J. Kitching, Niels P. Kristensen, David C. Lees, Joël Minet, Charles Mitter, Marko Mutanen, Jerome C. Regier, Thomas J. Simonsen, Niklas Wahlberg, Shen- Horn Yen, Reza Zahiri, David Adamski, Joaquin Baixeras, Daniel Bartsch, Bengt Å. Bengtsson, John W. Brown, Sibyl Rae Bucheli, Donald R. Davis, Jurate De Prins, Willy De Prins, Marc E. Epstein, Patricia Gentili-Poole, Cees Gielis, Peter Hättenschwiler, Axel Hausmann, Jeremy D. Holloway, Axel Kallies , Ole Karsholt, Akito Y. Kawahara, Sjaak (JC) Koster, Mikhail V. Kozlov, J. Donald Lafontaine, Gerardo Lamas, Jean-François Landry, Sangmi Lee, Matthias Nuss, Kyu-Tek Park, Carla Penz, Jadranka Rota, Alexander Schintlmeister, B. Christian Schmidt, Jae-Cheon Sohn, M. Alma Solis, Gerhard M. Tarmann, Andrew D. Warren, Susan Weller, Roman V. Yakovlev, Vadim V. Zolotuhin, Andreas Zwick (2011): Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus , 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Editor) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212-221

Web links

Commons : Hedylidae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files