Goblets
| Goblets | ||||||||||||
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Epermenia illigerella |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the superfamily | ||||||||||||
| Epermenioidea | ||||||||||||
| Spuler , 1910 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
| Epermeniidae | ||||||||||||
| Spuler , 1910 |
The serpentine butterflies , scientific name Epermeniidae , are a family of butterflies (" small butterflies ") spread around the world . 17 species of the consistently small and inconspicuously colored butterflies occur in Germany.
features
The moths reach a wingspan between 8 and 20 millimeters and have narrow, pointed wings. The head is smooth or erect (rough) with scales, ocelles and chaetosemata are missing. The thread-like antennae reach about half to four fifths of the forewing length, their flagellum is densely covered with hairs (setae), which are especially noticeable in the male. The base phalanx ( scapus ) usually has a scalloped comb (pecten). The proboscis is short and scaly, the maxillary palps short and tripartite, the labial palps often very long, they are directed upwards. The fore and hind wings are long and narrow, lanceolate in shape and usually taper to a point. The forewings are gray, brown or ocher in color, usually with a dark markings of spots or bandages, the hind wings are gray and monochrome. The forewings of many species have tufts of scales on the upper edge, which can be particularly noticeable in the sedentary moth. The name of the family is derived from these "teeth" on the wings. The rear wings have a wide fringed hem at the rear edge, which can be significantly wider than the wing surface. Males have one bristle frenulum , while females have two shorter ones. When at rest, the wings are carried like a roof over the abdomen. The wing veining almost corresponds to the basic plan, only in the genus Ochromolopsis is a vein reduced (probably the second branch of the Cubitus). The cross vein CuP is present as a hollow vein near the wing tip. The anterior tibia has no spurs on the running legs , the middle tibia two and the hind tibia four spurs (two pairs of different lengths), the anterior tibia have an epiphysis. The hind tibia have long, stiff bristles on the top and bottom (not only on the top like the similar Schreckensteiniidae ).
The eggs are flattened with an oval outline, the egg shell has a network of sharp ribs on the surface. Eggs are laid individually, not in clutches. The caterpillars are usually yellow or green in color, their cuticle is finely thorny in the non-sclerotized parts. The spiracles are small, those on the eighth abdominal segment larger and more dorsal. The belly legs on the abdomen are usually long and conspicuous, their wreaths of hooks closed in a circle or with a narrow break. In the case of the doll, the extremities are glued to one another, but not to the trunk. Dorsal thorns on the abdomen are not formed, but the ninth abdomen segment has a pair of deep pits on the sides. The rear end is drawn out into a small point with several hook-shaped bristles.
Way of life
Butterfly caterpillars feed externally on leaves, some species are miners in leaves or drill into seeds, fruits, buds or flower heads. All Palearctic species feed either on umbellifers ( Apiaceae ) or on Santalaceae of the genus Thesium . In other regions, many species live on Santalaceae, but others live on a multitude of other, not necessarily closely related, plant families. In some species, the caterpillars spin several leaves together to form a hiding place. Moths are partly diurnal and partly nocturnal. Most species occur two generations per year, the pupa overwinters in the ground (rarely also on the food plant) in a loosely spun cocoon.
Systematics, taxonomy, phylogeny
The family comprises 126 species (as of 2011), with numerous species being newly described in recent years, almost all of them by the entomologist Reinhard Gaedike . Numerous still undescribed species are suspected. 25 species are given from Europe.
It is divided into two subfamilies, both of which occur in Central Europe:
The family was traditionally mostly included in the Yponomeutoidea . Today it is monotypically placed in its own superfamily Epermenioidea. Their exact systematic position and their sister group relationship have not yet been clarified. According to morphological characteristics, they are placed with numerous other superfamilies in a group that cannot be broken down in detail, the non- obtectomeric Apoditrysia . A molecular study (based on homologous DNA sequences) revealed relationships with the genus Copromorpha (superfamily Copromorphoidea, family Copromorphidae); they would also have to be included in the obtectomera and would be relatively closely related to the butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea ).
Economic importance
Epermenia chaerophylella is said to occasionally become harmful on cultivated umbelliferae. An Australian species, Paraepermenia santaliella , bores into fruits of Quandong ( Santalum acuminatum , Santalaceae), whose sweet fruits are widely collected in Australia and are of regional commercial importance.
swell
- MI Falkovitch: 33. Family Epermeniidae. In: GS Medvedev (Ed.): Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR. Volume IV, Part II: Lepidoptera. Nauka, Leningrad 1981. (Translated into English by BR Sharma. Brill Scientific Publishers, Leiden 1989, ISBN 90-04-08926-8 )
- Ian Francis Bell Common: Moths of Australia. Brill Scientific Publishers, 1990, ISBN 90-04-09227-7 .
- John S. Dugdale, Niels P. Kristensen, Gaden S. Robinson, Malcolm J. Scoble: Epermeniidae (The smaller Microlepidoptera-grade superfamilies). In: Niels P. Kristensen: Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of zoology. Volume 4, Part 35: Lepidoptera. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 220.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Erik J. van Nieukerken, Lauri Kaila, Ian J. Kitching, Niels P. Kristensen, David C. Lees, Joël Minet, Charles Mitter, Marko Mutanen, Jerome C. Regier, Thomas J. Simonsen, Niklas Wahlberg, Shen-Horn Yen, Reza Zahiri, David Adamski, Joaquin Baixeras, Daniel Bartsch, Bengt Å. Bengtsson, John W. Brown, Sibyl Rae Bucheli, Donald R. Davis, Jurate De Prins, Willy De Prins, Marc E. Epstein, Patricia Gentili-Poole, Cees Gielis, Peter Hättenschwiler, Axel Hausmann, Jeremy D. Holloway, Axel Kallies , Ole Karsholt, Akito Y. Kawahara, Sjaak (JC) Koster, Mikhail V. Kozlov, J. Donald Lafontaine, Gerardo Lamas, Jean-François Landry, Sangmi Lee, Matthias Nuss, Kyu-Tek Park, Carla Penz, Jadranka Rota, Alexander Schintlmeister, B. Christian Schmidt, Jae-Cheon Sohn, M. Alma Solis, Gerhard M. Tarmann, Andrew D. Warren, Susan Weller, Roman V. Yakovlev, Vadim V. Zolotuhin, Andreas Zwick (2011): Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus , 1758. In: Z.-Q. Zhang (Ed.): Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. In: Zootaxa. 3148, pp. 212-221.
- ^ HCJ Godfray, PH Sterling (1993): The British Epermeniidae. In: British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. 6, pp. 141-143. (on-line)
- ↑ Jerome C. Regier, Charles Mitter, Andreas Zwick, Adam L. Bazinet, Michael P. Cummings, Akito Y. Kawahara, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Derrick J. Zwick, Soowon Cho, Donald R. Davis, Joaquin Baixeras, John Brown , Cynthia Parr, Susan Weller, David C. Lees, Kim T. Mitter: A Large-Scale, Higher-Level. Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Insect Order Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). In: PLoS ONE. 8 (3) (2013), p. E58568. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0058568
