Tooth spinner
Tooth spinner | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Camel tooth spinner ( Ptilodon capucina ) |
||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||
|
||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||
Notodontidae | ||||||||||
Stephens , 1829 |
The tooth moth (Notodontidae) are a family of butterflies ( moths ). They occur worldwide with around 2,500 to 3,000 species.
description
The medium-sized to large moths reach a wingspan of 24 to 68 millimeters in Europe and have a medium to strong body. Their forewings are about two to 2.5 times as long as they are wide. The hind wings are about the same width as the fore wings and broadly rounded. Their antennae are short and do not reach half the forewing length. In the males they are conspicuously long pinnate or combed, in the females mostly thread-like or only briefly pinnate. Their proboscis is fully developed, but there are also species in which it is reduced or absent. The maxillary palps are very small or absent, the labial palps are well developed or short and regressed. Only a few species have, in addition to compound eyes, also receding point eyes ( Ocelli ). The animals have tympanic organs on the abdomen on the metathorax .
A tooth-shaped bulge on the inner edge of the forewings is characteristic of many species.
The forewings have 11 or 12 wing veins with one (1b) or two (1c and 1c) anal veins. The hind wings have 7 to 9 veins and one or two anal veins 1b or 1a and 1b.
The caterpillars are very different in their appearance. They have four pairs of belly legs and the pusher , but this can also be modified to tail-like threads, such as. B. in the great fork tail ( Cerura vinula ). Most caterpillars have spines, appendages or long hair, which many of them have stinging hairs . Some species have strongly developed mandibles .
Way of life
Toothed moth caterpillars develop mainly on bushes and trees instead of herbaceous plants. Only the species of the Dioptinae live on the latter. You can easily chop the tough leaves with your powerful mouthparts. They either live individually or in large groups, sometimes in webs, such as B. some processionary moths , of which some species are known for their bizarre processions when they are looking for new forage plants.
Some caterpillars have developed defense mechanisms against predators and parasitoids . Some are able to eliminate formic acid or ketones , while others try to scare off enemies by creating bizarre protrusions at the end of the abdomen.
A behavior called bark mimicry is typical of the moths . During the day, the moths rest on tree trunks or branches with wings folded over each other like roof tiles. They are similar in color and shape to the bark. The cocoons of the caterpillars are sometimes indistinguishable from the bark.
Systematics
The tooth spinner family occurs in all of Europe with 98 species and subspecies, of which 37 species occur in Central Europe . Some authors regard the processionary moths (Thaumetopoeinae) as a separate family (Thaumetopoeidae). The family is divided into 10 subfamilies by Fibiger and Lafontaine
- Processionary moth subfamily (Thaumetopoeinae aurivillius, 1889)
- Pine processionary moth ( Thaumetopoea pityocampa ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH
- Oak processionary moth ( Thaumetopoea processionea ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- Pine processionary moth ( Thaumetopoea pinivora ) (Treitschke, 1834) D.
- Subfamily Pygaerinae Duponchel, 1845
- Drake-tailed moth or drake-tail ( Clostera curtula ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- Small grouse or aspen moth ( Clostera pigra ) (Hufnagel, 1766) A, CH, D
- Black-spotted grouse or hermit ( Clostera anachoreta ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH, D
- Rust-brown grouse or willow moth ( Clostera anastomosis ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- Subfamily Platychasmatinae Nakamura, 1956
- Subfamily Notodontinae Stephens, 1829
- Great forktail ( Cerura vinula ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- White forktail or ermine moth ( Cerura erminea ) (Esper, 1783) A, CH, D
- Beech forktail ( Furcula furcula ) (Clerck, 1759) A, CH, D
- Birch forktail ( Furcula bicuspis ) (Borkhausen, 1790) A, CH, D
- Small forked tail ( Furcula bifida ) (Brahm, 1787) A, CH, D
- Elm moth ( Dicranura ulmi ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH
- Dromedary tooth spinner or alder tooth spinner ( Notodonta dromedarius ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- Yellow-brown toothed spinner ( Notodonta torva ) (Hübner, 1803) A, CH, D
- Aspen toothed moth ( Notodonta tritophus ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH, D
- Zigzag Moth ( Notodonta ziczac ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- Unsullied toothed spinner ( Drymonia dodonaea ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH, D
- Dark gray toothed spinner ( Drymonia ruficornis ) (Hufnagel, 1766) A, CH, D
- Schwarzeck toothed spinner ( Drymonia obliterata ) (Esper, 1785) A, CH, D
- White banded tooth spinner ( Drymonia querna ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH, D
- Southern tooth spinner ( Drymonia velitaris ) (Hifnagel, 1766) A, CH, D
- Poplar toothed moth ( Pheosia tremula ) (Clerck, 1759) A, CH, D
- Birch toothed moth ( Pheosia gnoma ) (Fabricius, 1776) A, CH, D
- White toothed moth ( Leucodonta bicoloria ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH, D
- Poplar tooth moth ( Gluphisia crenata ) (Esper, 1785) A, CH, D
- Camel toothed moth ( Ptilodon capucina ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- Maple toothed moth ( Ptilodon cucullina ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH, D
- Palp tooth spinner ( Pterostoma palpina ) (Clerck, 1759) A, CH, D
- Hair flake tooth moth ( Ptilophora plumigera ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH, D
- Ptilophora nanlingensis Liusheng Chen, Guohua Huang, Min Wang, 2010
- Monk toothed moth ( Odontosia carmelita ) (Esper, 1799) A, CH, D
- Subfamily Phalerinae Butler, 1886
- Moon bird or moon spot ( Phalera bucephala ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- Phalera bucephaloides (Ochsenheimer, 1810) A.
- Oak toothed moth ( Peridea anceps ) (Goeze, 1781) A, CH, D
- Subfamily Dudusinae Matsumara, 1925
- Subfamily Hemiceratinae Guenée, 1852
- Subfamily Heterocampinae Neumogen & Dyar, 1894
- Beech tooth moth ( Stauropus fagi ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
- Parchment spinner ( Harpyia milhauseri ) (Fabricius, 1775) A, CH, D
- Silberfleck- Zahnspinner ( Spatalia argentina ) (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) A, CH, D
- Subfamily Nystaleinae Forbes, 1948
- Subfamily Dioptinae Walker, 1862
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Malcolm J. Scoble: The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-854952-0 (English).
- ↑ Notodontidae. Fauna Europaea, accessed March 20, 2007 .
- ↑ Thaumetopoeidae. Fauna Europaea, accessed March 20, 2007 .
- ↑ Notodontidae. Lepiforum eV, accessed on March 20, 2007 .
- ↑ Michael Fibiger and J. Donald Lafontaine: A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna. Esperiana, 11: 7-92, Schwanfeld 2005 ISBN 3-938249-01-3