Network form (traffic planning)
The network form is a technical term in traffic planning and describes the form of the development network of built-up areas. The decisive guideline for the development of traffic in residential areas in Germany are the recommendations for the construction of access roads ( EAE for short ).
Since, for example, new cities are rarely planned in Germany, the network forms are usually required for planning building areas on the edge of existing cities or settlements. The network forms mentioned below rarely occur in their pure form, mostly they are mixed forms of different network types. The network types take into account not only the main traffic roads , collection roads and residential roads, but also footpaths and cycle paths as well as the development by public transport .
Network elements
Hanging streets
Attachment roads connect main roads with each other and at the same time open up adjacent properties. The through traffic resulting from the connection cannot be prevented. If the connection is interrupted (due to a construction site or traffic calming), a cul-de-sac is created.
Cul-de-sac
They are connected to main roads, but have no connection to other main roads and end in a dead end . This keeps through traffic away and still enables the development of properties. At the end of the cul-de-sac there is a possibility to turn the vehicles. The development with public transport is problematic.
Loop roads
Loop roads are connected to the same road, but are led on a different (and possibly longer) route. This enables traffic-laden areas to be bypassed. The Schleifenstraße has both a connecting and a connecting function.
Network forms
The EAE 85/95 distinguishes between five different network types:
Grid
(See also: Grid network in transport network structure )
This net shape looks like it has been drawn on the drawing board and has a clear structure. There are short distances for all types of transport, while traffic jams can be avoided on parallel roads. All properties are easily accessible and the intersections of the streets are suitable for the construction of public transport stops. Orientation within the network is easy. However, influencing traffic flows is difficult. Due to the strong intermeshing, crawl traffic can form, avoiding congestion at junctions. This in turn means that streets that are actually traffic-calmed are often used as an alternative route.
The grid is rarely found in Europe, as most cities have grown historically and therefore have different structures. In young cities, especially in the United States, however, this type of access is often found.
Axial mesh
The road layout of the axial network is direct and offers a good connection between the secondary roads and the main roads. Public transport has stops at the intersections of the network axis with the main roads. The creation of traffic-calmed areas is possible as no crawl traffic is to be expected. The urban separation of the settlement by the axis has a disadvantageous effect.
Branching network
The branching network (also called a pincer-shaped network ) is found less in inner-city areas, but more often in peripheral areas. This form of development is particularly useful in newly created residential or commercial areas. The connection to the local public transport is easily possible and traffic-calmed areas can be integrated. The long distances to the main road are a disadvantage. This junction can also easily lead to congestion.
Inner ring mesh
The inner ring network can often be found in cities that have grown over time. It offers good access to all areas inside and outside the ring. Public transport has stops right in the center of the ring and ring lines around the center. A pedestrian area is conceivable inside the ring. The high volume of traffic in the ring and at the respective junctions is unfavorable.
See also: Ringstrasse
Outer ring network
The outer ring network removes traffic from the center and primarily enables public transport to access the center. This type of network is often found in settlements on the outskirts of large cities (so-called satellite towns ) that have only recently been built. The development of the plots can be implemented well and the creation of traffic-calmed areas is possible. However, the long paths within the ring and from the center to the outer ring are bad.
literature
- Natzschka: Road construction, design and construction technology , BG Teubner Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-519-05256-3
See also
Web links
- Diploma thesis on the topic of traffic calming (PDF file; 5.72 MB)