Virokine

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A virokine is a viral cytokine or chemokine that mostly acts as a competitive inhibitor of cytokines or chemokines.

properties

Virokines are produced by viruses for immune evasion and belong to the group of virulence factors . By binding to the cytokine receptors , the cell's own proinflammatory cytokines can only bind to their receptors to a reduced extent and trigger an immune reaction. In some cases, inhibition is also achieved by viral receptors. Anti-inflammatory virokines such as vIL-10 , on the other hand, usually do not lead to an inhibition but to an activation of their respective receptor, which results in a dampening of the immune response. Virokines are found in various herpes viruses , smallpox viruses and HIV . Examples of virokines are the viral interleukin-6 from the human herpes virus 8, the viral interleukin-8 from the Marek's Disease virus , the viral interleukin-10 from the ORF virus and the Epstein-Barr virus , the vMIP I-III from the HHV virus. 8, the Vaccinia Growth Factor and the Vaccinia virus complement control protein from the Vaccinia virus , viral variants of the TNF receptor and the IL-1beta receptor and the p17 of HIV.

history

The name Virokine was coined in 1988 by Bernard Moss .

literature

  • Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary . 4th edition, Elsevier, 2012, ISBN 978-0702047435 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ P. Ouyang, K. Rakus, SJ van Beurden, AH Westphal, AJ Davison, D. Gatherer, AF Vanderplasschen: IL-10 encoded by viruses: a remarkable example of independent acquisition of a cellular gene by viruses and its subsequent evolution in the viral genome. In: The Journal of general virology. Volume 95, Pt 2 February 2014, ISSN  1465-2099 , pp. 245-262, doi : 10.1099 / vir.0.058966-0 , PMID 24225498 .
  2. ↑ a b M. Klouche, N. Brockmeyer, C. Knabbe, S. Rose-John: Human herpesvirus 8-derived viral IL-6 induces PTX3 expression in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. In: AIDS. Volume 16, Number 8, May 2002, pp. F9-18, ISSN  0269-9370 , PMID 12004288 .
  3. ↑ a b J. C. de Magalhães, AA Andrade, PN Silva, LP Sousa, C. Ropert, PC Ferreira, EG Kroon, RT Gazzinelli, CA Bonjardim: A mitogenic signal triggered at an early stage of vaccinia virus infection: implication of MEK / ERK and protein kinase A in virus multiplication. In: The Journal of biological chemistry. Volume 276, Number 42, October 2001, ISSN  0021-9258 , pp. 38353-38360, doi : 10.1074 / jbc.M100183200 , PMID 11459835 .
  4. ↑ a b P. D. Becker, S. Fiorentini, C. Link, G. Tosti, T. Ebensen, A. Caruso, CA Guzmán: The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 can be efficiently delivered by intranasal route in mice using the TLR 2 / 6 agonist MALP-2 as mucosal adjuvant. In: Vaccine. Volume 24, Number 25, June 2006, ISSN  0264-410X , pp. 5269-5276, doi : 10.1016 / j.vaccine.2005.11.008 , PMID 16713032 .
  5. ↑ X. Cui, LF Lee, WM Reed, HJ Kung, SM Reddy: Marek's disease virus-encoded vIL-8 gene is involved in early cytolytic infection but dispensable for establishment of latency. In: Journal of virology. Volume 78, Number 9, May 2004, ISSN  0022-538X , pp. 4753-4760, PMID 15078957 , PMC 387696 (free full text).
  6. ↑ Z. Lateef, S. Fleming, G. Halliday, L. Faulkner, A. Mercer, M. Baird: Orf virus-encoded interleukin-10 inhibits maturation, antigen presentation and migration of murine dendritic cells. In: The Journal of general virology. Volume 84, Pt 5 May 2003, ISSN  0022-1317 , pp. 1101-1109, PMID 12692274 .
  7. ^ MG Masucci, S. Torsteindottir, J. Colombani, C. Brautbar, E. Klein, G. Klein: Down-regulation of class I HLA antigens and of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein in Burkitt lymphoma lines. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 84, Number 13, July 1987, ISSN  0027-8424 , pp. 4567-4571, PMID 3037521 , PMC 305131 (free full text).
  8. ↑ K. Nakano, H. Katano, K. Tadagaki, Y. Sato, E. Ohsaki, Y. Mori, K. Yamanishi, K. Ueda: Novel monoclonal antibodies for identification of multicentric Castleman's disease; Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded vMIP-I and vMIP-II. In: Virology. Volume 425, Number 2, April 2012, ISSN  1096-0341 , pp. 95-102, doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2012.01.008 , PMID 22297135 .
  9. ↑ NM Girgis, BC Dehaven, Y. Xiao, E. Alexander, KM Viner, SN Isaacs: The Vaccinia virus complement control protein modulates adaptive immune responses during infection. In: Journal of virology. Volume 85, Number 6, March 2011, ISSN  1098-5514 , pp. 2547-2556, doi : 10.1128 / JVI.01474-10 , PMID 21191012 , PMC 3067952 (free full text).
  10. ↑ GJ Kotwal: Virokines: mediators of virus-host interaction and future immunomodulators in medicine. In: Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis. Volume 47, Number 3, 1999, ISSN  0004-069X , pp. 135-138, PMID 10470439 .
  11. ^ SA Smith, GJ Kotwal: Virokines: novel immunomodulatory agents. In: Expert opinion on biological therapy. Volume 1, Number 3, May 2001, ISSN  1471-2598 , pp. 343-357, doi : 10.1517 / 14712598.1.3.343 , PMID 11727510 .
  12. ↑ GJ Kotwal, B. Moss: Vaccinia virus encodes a secretory polypeptide structurally related to complement control proteins. In: Nature. Volume 335, Number 6186, September 1988, ISSN  0028-0836 , pp. 176-178, doi : 10.1038 / 335176a0 , PMID 3412473 .