Volk en Vaderland

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Volk en Vaderland
logo
description National Socialist Newspaper
language Dutch
publishing company Nenasu ( Netherlands )
First edition January 7, 1933
attitude May 4, 1945
Frequency of publication weekly

Volk en Vaderland ( People and Fatherland ) was a Dutch weekly newspaper with an editorial office in Utrecht . In addition to the daily newspaper Het Nationale Dagblad ( Das Nationale Tagesblatt ) founded in 1936, it was the party organ of the Dutch National Socialists NSB and was published by their publisher Nenasu .

history

First edition from January 7, 1933

The first edition of Volk en Vaderland appeared on January 7, 1933 with George Kettmann as the first editor-in-chief. At this point in time the NSB had only existed for a year and was still completely insignificant. With the founding of the Nationale Dagblad , the NSB press soon saw the split of the party into a völkisch-annexionist wing, which advocated annexation to Germany, and another wing, which insisted on the independent Netherlands. The latter and larger wing was represented by party leader Anton Mussert , among others , and found himself in Volk and Vaderland , while the former was represented by the later parliamentary group leader of the NSB, Meinoud Rost van Tonningen , and had his views on display in the National Dagblad . In contrast to the Nationale Dagblad , Volk en Vaderland was already a success before the Second World War , with a print run of 80,000 copies in 1935.

From 1936/37 onwards, anti-Semitism began to spread in the NSB's publications , which actually had no place in the NSB, which had Jewish members and until then had been more oriented towards Italian fascism . Above all, this was an adaptation to German National Socialism, to which Mussert believed the future European leadership role would be assigned. The "Guyanaplan" put forward by him in November 1938, in which he suggested that the Netherlands, together with France and Great Britain , should create a home for European Jews in Guyana (see also the German Madagascar Plan ), was included in a special edition by Volk en Vaderland a circulation of 500,000 copies, but almost completely ignored.

On the first day of the attack by the German Wehrmacht on the Netherlands , May 10, 1940, Volk en Vaderland was banned for a short time, but was able to reappear on May 24 after the Wehrmacht's rapid victory. At the end of the year, the circulation was initially only 40,000 copies. Subsequently, however, there was a massive increase in circulation, which also surprised the NSB - in 1943 over 200,000 copies were reached. The NSB then had a survey carried out, which revealed an unusual result. While 1/3 stated their sympathy for the NSB as a reason for buying, 2/3 stated their interest in the glossing over of German defeats by the NSB as the reason, as well as their glee about internal disputes within the NSB that were widespread in the newspaper. 7% even stated that they would buy the sheet because of its size, which is suitable as wrapping paper. During the war there was a drastic decline in the stocks of raw materials in the Netherlands.

Despite the Nazi orientation of the newspaper, it too had to adhere to the German editions. At the end of February 1945, two months before the end of the war, the then editor-in-chief L. Lindemann was arrested when he complained during the starvation winter that Germans were stealing food from the Dutch. The end of the war also meant the end of the NSB and its newspapers; the last edition appeared on May 4, 1945, one day before the Wehrmacht surrendered in the "Fortress Holland". Like its sister newspaper, Volk en Vaderland received a 75-year publication ban in 1948.

Kettmann, who was only an employee in 1942 and then became editor-in-chief of the anti-Semitic Misthoorn ( Nebelhorn ), received a seven-year prison sentence in a trial, and after an appeal in 1951 even ten years, and was released early in 1955. Lindemann received a nine-year sentence, while cartoonist Maarten Meuldijk was sentenced to eight years in prison. In addition, all three were banned from working for 18 (Kettmann) and 20 (Lindemann, Meuldijk) years.

literature

  • Gerhard Hirschfeld : Foreign rule and collaboration. The Netherlands under German occupation 1940–1945 , Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1984 (= studies on contemporary history; 25), ISBN 3-421-06192-0
  • René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-3752-8 (Dutch, with a German summary)
  • Jan van de Plasse: Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers / seed gesteld by Jan van de Plasse. Red. Wim Verbei , Otto Cramwinckel Uitgever, Amsterdam 2005, ISBN 90-75727-77-1 . (Dutch; earlier edition: Jan van de Plasse, Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagbladpers , Cramwinckel, Amsterdam 1999, ISBN 90-75727-25-9 )

On-line

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gerhard Hirschfeld: Foreign rule and collaboration. The Netherlands under German occupation 1940–1945 , Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, p. 164
  2. ↑ Jan van de Plasse: Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers / seed gesteld by Jan van de Plasse. Red.Wim Verbei , Otto Cramwinckel Uitgever, Amsterdam 2005, p. 290
  3. ^ Gerhard Hirschfeld: Foreign rule and collaboration. The Netherlands under German occupation 1940–1945 , Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, pp. 162–163
  4. ^ René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, p. 53
  5. ^ René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, p. 469
  6. ^ Gerhard Hirschfeld: Foreign rule and collaboration. The Netherlands under German occupation 1940–1945 , Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, pp. 123–141
  7. ^ René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, p. 393
  8. ↑ Jan van de Plasse: Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers / seed gesteld by Jan van de Plasse. Red.Wim Verbei , Otto Cramwinckel Uitgever, Amsterdam 2005, p. 250
  9. ^ René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, p. 435
  10. ^ Entry on George Wilhelm Kettmann Jr. in the Woordenboek van Nederland biography
  11. ^ René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, p. 432

See also

Web links